2204585
4BB5UNRC
items
1
0
default
asc
1
1
title
2204
https://nativefishconservation.org/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3A%22zotpress-40f961f51327f58e6006d3e885dd5f32%22%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22DG7R4MFL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ewing%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221985%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EEwing%2C%20T.%20E.%20%281985%29.%20%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%5C%2Fgsa%5C%2Fgeology%5C%2Farticle-abstract%5C%2F13%5C%2F6%5C%2F433%5C%2F203855%5C%2Fwestward-extension-of-the-devils-river-uplift%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext%27%3EWestward%20Extension%20of%20the%20Devils%20River%20Uplift%5Cu2013Implications%20for%20the%20Paleozoic%20Evolution%20of%20the%20Southern%20Margin%20of%20North%20America%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ci%3EGeology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E13%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%20433%5Cu2013436.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22DG7R4MFL%22%2C%22version%22%3A1590%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Westward%20Extension%20of%20the%20Devils%20River%20Uplift%5Cu2013Implications%20for%20the%20Paleozoic%20Evolution%20of%20the%20Southern%20Margin%20of%20North%20America%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ewing%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Devils%20River%20uplift%20is%20inferred%20to%20continue%20westward%20into%20Trans-Pecos%20Texas.%20Both%20the%20known%20Devils%20River%20uplift%20and%20the%20Tascotal%20uplift%20are%20bounded%20on%20the%20north%20by%20east-west%20fault%20zones%20%28Chalk%20Draw%20and%20Carta%20Valley%20fault%20zones%29%20separating%20them%20from%20Late%20Pennsylvanian%20clastic%20foredeep%20basins%20%28Marfa%20and%20Val%20Verde%20basins%29.%20The%20exposed%2C%20much-shortened%20Marathon%20thrust%20belt%20may%20have%20been%20emplaced%20in%20the%20earliest%20Permian%20by%20gravity%20gliding.%20Meager%20evidence%20suggests%20that%20the%20Devils%20River%20block%20represents%20a%20Cambrian%20or%20Infracambrian%20rift%20and%20that%20the%20uplift%20is%20an%20aulacogen.%20The%20early%20Cambrian%20continental%20margin%20probably%20continued%20southwest%20into%20Mexico%20but%20has%20been%20displaced%20by%20Mesozoic%20left-lateral%20movement.%22%2C%22publicationTitle%22%3A%22Geology%22%2C%22volume%22%3A%2213%22%2C%22issue%22%3A%226%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%22433%5Cu2013436%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221985%22%2C%22series%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesText%22%3A%22%22%2C%22journalAbbreviation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%5C%2Fgsa%5C%2Fgeology%5C%2Farticle-abstract%5C%2F13%5C%2F6%5C%2F433%5C%2F203855%5C%2Fwestward-extension-of-the-devils-river-uplift%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22Google%20Scholar%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Carta%20Valley%20fault%20zone%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Devils%20River%20Uplift%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Marathon%20thrust%20belt%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Marfa%20Basin%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Tascotal%20uplift%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Trans-Pecos%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Val%20Verde%20Basin%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22structural%20geology%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22QXJMXL45%22%2C%225SJLBX3D%22%2C%22VW3M8W7U%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-20T08%3A16%3A36Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-10T21%3A38%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZPF4XWVF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bray%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221904%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBray%2C%20W.%20L.%20%281904%29.%20%3Ci%3E%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Faquiferalliance.org%5C%2FLibrary%5C%2FLibraryFiles%5C%2Fhistory%5C%2FTimber%2520of%2520the%2520Edwards%2520Plateau%25201904.pdf%27%3EThe%20Timber%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Plateau%20of%20Texas%3A%20Its%20Relations%20to%20Climate%2C%20Water%20Supply%2C%20and%20Soil%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20U.S.%20Department%20of%20Agriculture%2C%20Bureau%20of%20Forestry.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZPF4XWVF%22%2C%22version%22%3A1541%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Timber%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Plateau%20of%20Texas%3A%20Its%20Relations%20to%20Climate%2C%20Water%20Supply%2C%20and%20Soil%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bray%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22That%20a%20forest%20or%20other%20heavy%20growth%20of%20vegetation%20exerts%20an%20important%20influence%20in%20conserving%20the%20water%20supply%2C%20in%20preventing%20or%20checking%20floods%2C%20and%20in%20resisting%20the%20erosion%20of%20soil%2C%20scarcley%20requires%20demonstration%20in%20these%20pages.%20Most%20Texans%2C%20at%20any%20rate%2C%20have%20had%20abundant%20oppurtunity%20to%20observe%20how%20a%20heavy%20growth%20of%20grass%20on%20prairie%20slopes%20will%20hold%20the%20soil%20at%20the%20time%20of%20a%20heavy%20cloudburst%2C%20which%2C%20on%20denuded%20soilsm%20plows%20out%20great%20gulches%20and%20carries%20away%20thousands%20of%20cubic%20yards%20of%20earth.%20Or%20those%20living%20in%20the%20rough%2C%20mountainous%20region%20of%20south-central%20Texas%20may%20have%20noticed%20how%2C%20after%20a%20violent%20downpour%20of%20rain%2C%20the%20water%20rushes%20down%20the%20sides%20of%20bare%2C%20steep%20hills%20with%20a%20power%20which%20carries%20not%20only%20any%20remnants%20of%20soil%2C%20but%20the%20fragments%20of%20rock%20as%20well%2C%20and%20scoops%20out%20the%20bottom%20of%20the%20gorge%20down%20to%20a%20solid%20rock%20bed%3B%20whereas%20when%20the%20sides%20of%20the%20gorge%20and%20perhaps%20the%20hills%20above%20are%20heaviliy%20timbered%2C%20the%20organic%20debris%20drinks%20up%20and%20detains%20the%20water%2C%20so%20that%20not%20only%20is%20this%20heavy%20covering%20of%20leaf%20mold%20not%20washed%20away%2C%20but%20the%20water%20does%20not%20acquire%20momentum%20and%20volume%20sufficient%20to%20sweep%20out%20the%20channel%20of%20the%20gorge%20itself.%22%2C%22series%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22volume%22%3A%22%22%2C%22numberOfVolumes%22%3A%22%22%2C%22edition%22%3A%22%22%2C%22place%22%3A%22%22%2C%22publisher%22%3A%22U.S.%20Department%20of%20Agriculture%2C%20Bureau%20of%20Forestry%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221904%22%2C%22numPages%22%3A%2298%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22The%20Timber%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Plateau%20of%20Texas%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Faquiferalliance.org%5C%2FLibrary%5C%2FLibraryFiles%5C%2Fhistory%5C%2FTimber%2520of%2520the%2520Edwards%2520Plateau%25201904.pdf%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22Google%20Books%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22Google-Books-ID%3A%20t7QUAAAAYAAJ%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards%20Plateau%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22climate%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22climatic%20conditions%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22farm%20lands%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22precipitated%20water%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22soil%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22springs%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22temperature%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22timber%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22vegetation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22water%20supply%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%22ATH2ADXQ%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22AYSGILB5%22%2C%22FN5WFMJB%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-28T15%3A03%3A04Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-10T20%3A39%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JPDL62G6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Webster%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221980%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWebster%2C%20R.%20E.%20%281980%29.%20%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farchives.datapages.com%5C%2Fdata%5C%2Fbulletns%5C%2F1980-81%5C%2Fdata%5C%2Fpg%5C%2F0064%5C%2F0002%5C%2F0200%5C%2F0221.htm%27%3EStructural%20Analysis%20of%20Devils%20River%20Uplift-Southern%20Val%20Verde%20Basin%2C%20Southwest%20Texas%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ci%3EAAPG%20Bulletin%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E64%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20221%5Cu2013241.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22JPDL62G6%22%2C%22version%22%3A1465%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Structural%20Analysis%20of%20Devils%20River%20Uplift-Southern%20Val%20Verde%20Basin%2C%20Southwest%20Texas%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Webster%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Surface%20and%20subsurface%20structural%20geologic%20investigation%20has%20defined%20several%20major%20structural%20trends%20in%20parts%20of%20Edwards%2C%20Kinney%2C%20and%20Val%20Verde%20Counties%2C%20Texas.%20Seven%20rock%20units%20of%20the%20Cretaceous%20Comanche%20Series%20and%20two%20rock%20units%20of%20the%20Cretaceous%20Gulf%20Series%20crop%20out%20in%20the%20study%20area%2C%20part%20of%20the%20southwest%20Edwards%20Plateau%20physiographic%20province.%20Surface%20strata%20have%20a%20regional%20dip%20of%20%5Cu00bd%20to%202%5Cu00b0%20SW%2C%20interrupted%20locally%20by%20zones%20of%20faulting%20and%5C%2For%20folding%20that%20generally%20overlie%20larger%20scale%20late%20Paleozoic%20structural%20features.%20The%20east-west-trending%20Carta%20Valley%20fault%20zone%2C%20which%20crosses%20central%20Val%20Verde%20and%20southwest%20Edwards%20Counties%2C%20is%20marked%20by%20a%20pattern%20of%20en%20echelon%20folds%20and%20faults%20that%20bound%20a%20series%20of%20graben%20blocks.%20The%20deformational%20style%20of%20this%20zone%20su%20gests%20left-lateral%20wrench%20faulting%20in%20basement%20rocks.%20Two%20other%20surface%20fault%20zones%20that%20displace%20Cretaceous%20rocks%20are%20less%20well%20developed%20but%20also%20appear%20to%20overlie%20basement%20faults.%20A%20distinctive%20monocline%20trends%20northwest-southeast%20from%20east%20Val%20Verde%20through%20northwest%20Kinney%20Counties%2C%20approaching%20parallelism%20with%20the%20Balcones%20fault%20zone%20in%20the%20southeastern%20part.%20This%20flexure%2C%20the%20Sycamore%20Creek%20monocline%2C%20has%20exhibited%20positive%20tendencies%20since%20middle%20Cretaceous%20time.%20A%20poorly%20expressed%20southwest-plunging%20anticline%20marks%20the%20crest%20of%20the%20Devils%20River%20uplift%20in%20southeast%20Val%20Verde%20County.%5CnParts%20of%20three%20major%20late%20Paleozoic%20tectonic%20features%20are%20present%20in%20the%20subsurface--the%20southeast%20Val%20Verde%20basin%2C%20the%20Devils%20River%20uplift%2C%20and%20the%20north%20edge%20of%20the%20Ouachita%20thrust%20belt.%20A%20foreland%20sequence%20of%20lower%20to%20middle%20Paleozoic%20carbonate%20shelf%20deposits%2C%20overlain%20by%20thick%20upper%20Paleozoic%20clastic%20sedimentary%20rocks%2C%20fills%20the%20Val%20Verde%20basin.%20The%20Devils%20River%20uplift%2C%20the%20elevated%20southern%20margin%20of%20the%20Paleozoic%20Texas%20craton%2C%20marks%20the%20southern%20limit%20of%20the%20Permian%20Basin%20depositional%20province.%20Weakly%20metamorphosed%20deep-water%20sediments%20of%20the%20Ouachita%20interior%20zone%20are%20thrust%20northward%20over%20a%20Cambrian-Ordovician%20sequence%20on%20the%20uplift.%5CnSubsurface%20mapping%20shows%20that%20a%20major%20down-to-the-north%20late%20Paleozoic%20fault%2C%20which%20separates%20the%20Val%20Verde%20basin%20from%20the%20Devils%20River%20uplift%2C%20underlies%20the%20surface%20Carta%20Valley%20fault%20zone.%20Transcurrent%20movement%20may%20have%20occurred%20along%20this%20fault%20during%20the%20Ouachita%20orogeny%20as%20a%20result%20of%20plate%20convergence.%20The%20axis%20of%20the%20Sycamore%20Creek%20monocline%20also%20lies%20above%20basement%20faults%20along%20which%20relatively%20minor%20up-to-the-north%20displacement%20occurred%20during%20Cretaceous%20and%20Cenozoic%20time%2C%20a%20reversal%20of%20major%20late%20Paleozoic%20movement.%5CnIn%20general%2C%20thorough%20analysis%20of%20subtly%20expressed%20surface%20structural%20features%20has%20proved%20a%20valuable%20guide%20to%20mapping%20and%20interpreting%20the%20more%20pronounced%20Paleozoic%20structures%20beneath%20the%20pre-Cretaceous%20unconformity.%22%2C%22publicationTitle%22%3A%22AAPG%20Bulletin%22%2C%22volume%22%3A%2264%22%2C%22issue%22%3A%222%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%22221%5Cu2013241%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221980%22%2C%22series%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesText%22%3A%22%22%2C%22journalAbbreviation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farchives.datapages.com%5C%2Fdata%5C%2Fbulletns%5C%2F1980-81%5C%2Fdata%5C%2Fpg%5C%2F0064%5C%2F0002%5C%2F0200%5C%2F0221.htm%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22Google%20Scholar%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Carta%20Valley%20fault%20zone%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Cretaceous%20Comanche%20Series%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Devils%20River%20uplift%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards%20Plateau%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Sycamore%20Creek%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22VW3M8W7U%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-20T08%3A16%3A36Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-10T18%3A36%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22X6NH8MGR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ashworth%20and%20Stein%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAshworth%2C%20J.%2C%20%26%20Stein%2C%20W.%20%282005%29.%20%3Ci%3E%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ugra.org%5C%2Fimages%5C%2Fpdf%5C%2FSpringsKinneyValVerde2005.pdf%27%3ESprings%20of%20Kinney%20and%20Val%20Verde%20Counties%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28p.%2038%29.%20Plateau%20Region%20Water%20Planning%20Group.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22X6NH8MGR%22%2C%22version%22%3A1435%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Springs%20of%20Kinney%20and%20Val%20Verde%20Counties%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ashworth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stein%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Water%20from%20springs%20has%20played%20a%20major%20role%20in%20the%20location%20of%20settlements%20throughout%20the%20history%20of%20man.%20In%20the%20arid%20region%20of%20west-central%20Texas%20%28Figure%201%29%2C%20springs%20were%20especially%20significant%20in%20the%20establishment%20of%20early%20trade%20routes%20from%20the%20Texas%20Gulf%20Coast%20to%20El%20Paso%20and%20into%20Mexico.%20Evidence%20that%20native%20Indian%20tribes%20inhabited%20the%20area%20around%20Del%20Rio%20and%20Brackettville%20for%20many%20thousands%20of%20years%20exists%20in%20the%20form%20of%20pictographs%20found%20on%20cave%20walls%20and%20cliffs%2C%20and%20in%20the%20many%20artifacts%20found%20around%20local%20springs%20and%20streams.%5CnSan%20Felipe%20Springs%20located%20in%20the%20City%20of%20Del%20Rio%20was%20the%20site%20of%20a%20Spanish%20settlement%20founded%20on%20St.%20Phillip%5Cu2019s%20Day%20in%201635.%20The%20Spaniards%20named%20the%20area%20San%20Felipe%20del%20Rio%20%28St.%20Phillip%20of%20the%20River%29.%20Las%20Moras%20Springs%20near%20the%20City%20of%20Brackettville%20was%20the%20site%20of%20Fort%20Clark%2C%20an%20early%20U.S.%20Army%20outpost%2C%20established%20in%20the%20mid%201850s.%20Today%2C%20springs%20continue%20to%20be%20a%20community%20focal%20point%20in%20that%20they%20provide%20a%20drinking%20water%20supply%2C%20recreational%20opportunities%2C%20and%20irrigation%20use.%20Springs%20also%20provide%20a%20water%20source%20for%20livestock%20and%20wildlife%2C%20as%20well%20as%20habitat%20for%20threatened%20and%20endangered%20species.%5CnEspecially%20in%20arid%20regions%2C%20springs%20serve%20as%20a%20barometer%20for%20gaging%20the%20hydrologic%20conditions%20of%20local%20water-supply%20sources.%20As%20springflows%20diminish%2C%20so%20does%20flow%20in%20associated%20surface%20streams%20and%20rivers.%20Likewise%2C%20water%20levels%20in%20area%20aquifers%20are%20declining.%20The%20protection%20of%20springs%20is%20thus%20one%20task%20in%20the%20overall%20management%20of%20water%20supplies%20to%20meet%20long-term%20local%20water-supply%20needs.%5CnThe%20purpose%20of%20this%20study%20is%20to%20produce%20a%20more%20complete%20hydrogeologic-spring%20database%20for%20Kinney%20and%20Val%20Verde%20Counties%20that%20will%20be%20used%20to%20better%20understand%20the%20groundwater%20and%20surface%20water%20relationship%20that%20exists%20between%20the%20springs%2C%20their%20host%20aquifer%2C%20and%20the%20streams%20to%20which%20they%20contribute.%20The%20study%20also%20considers%20the%20potential%20impacts%20that%20might%20occur%20with%20increased%20pumping%20of%20local%20aquifers.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22place%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Plateau%20Region%20Water%20Planning%20Group%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22August%202005%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%2238%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ugra.org%5C%2Fimages%5C%2Fpdf%5C%2FSpringsKinneyValVerde2005.pdf%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Kinney%20County%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Val%20Verde%20County%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22climate%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22groundwater%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22karst%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22springs%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22VW3M8W7U%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-22T18%3A44%3A29Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-10T18%3A04%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KB5JZBSJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kastning%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221983%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKastning%2C%20E.%20H.%20%281983%29.%20%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2F0022169483902378%27%3ERelict%20Caves%20as%20Evidence%20of%20Landscape%20and%20Aquifer%20Evolution%20in%20a%20Deeply%20Dissected%20Carbonate%20Terrain%3A%20Southwest%20Edwards%20Plateau%2C%20Texas%2C%20USA%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Hydrology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E61%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%5Cu20133%29%2C%2089%5Cu2013112.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22KB5JZBSJ%22%2C%22version%22%3A1360%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Relict%20Caves%20as%20Evidence%20of%20Landscape%20and%20Aquifer%20Evolution%20in%20a%20Deeply%20Dissected%20Carbonate%20Terrain%3A%20Southwest%20Edwards%20Plateau%2C%20Texas%2C%20USA%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ernst%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kastning%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Caves%20lying%20well%20above%20valley%20floors%20and%20within%20narrow%20ridges%20of%20carbonate%20rocks%20in%20the%20deeply%20dissected%20southwest%20Edwards%20Plateau%2C%20Texas%2C%20provide%20considerable%20information%20about%20the%20geomorphic%20history%20of%20the%20region%20and%20the%20evolution%20of%20the%20Edwards-Trinity%20aquifer.%20In%20the%20Sonora%20area%2C%20horizontally%20extensive%20cave%20passages%20occur%20at%20three%20distinct%20levels%20along%20massive%20burrowed%20dolomitic%20beds%20in%20the%20Cretaceous%20Segovia%20Formation.%20Passages%20lying%20beneath%20a%20resistant%20caprock%20consist%20of%20long%20corridors%2C%20barren%20of%20speleothems.%20However%2C%20in%20the%20vicinity%20of%20the%20caprock%20edge%2C%20passages%20are%20modified%20by%20collapse%20and%20stoping%2C%20mazework%2C%20and%20speleothem%20deposition.%20Conduits%20are%20generally%20oriented%20down%20the%20regional%20dip%20and%20guided%20by%20dominant%20NE-trending%20fractures.%20Upper%20cave%20levels%20developed%20first%2C%20but%20lower%20passages%20were%20excavated%20as%20piezometric%20surfaces%20dropped%20in%20response%20to%20valley%20cutting.%20Cavern%20collapses%20blocked%20flowpaths%20in%20places%20and%20ensuing%20floodwaters%20enlarged%20passages%2C%20formed%20maze%20sections%2C%20and%20promoted%20development%20of%20diversion%20routes%20around%20these%20constrictions.%20Collapse%20at%20the%20caprock%20edge%20has%20enhanced%20retreat%20of%20valley%20slopes%20and%20headward%20erosion%20of%20streams.%20In%20the%20Langtry%20area%2C%20caves%20developed%20in%20the%20Cretaceous%20Devils%20River%20Formation%20are%20up%20to%20113%20m%20deep.%20The%20Devils%20River%20Formation%20is%20a%20stratigraphically-homogeneous%20high-purity%20limestone%2C%20in%20which%20fractures%20are%20few%20but%20vertically%20extensive.%20Incision%20of%20the%20Rio%20Grande%20and%20nearby%20streams%20has%20locally%20exposed%20up%20to%2070%20m%20of%20the%20Devils%20River%20Formation%2C%20inducing%20steep%20hydraulic%20gradients%20that%20have%20promoted%20bathyphreatic%20circulation%20and%20development%20of%20deep%20cave%20systems.%20Horizontal%20passages%20are%20relatively%20short%20and%20are%20connected%20by%20vertical%20shafts%20and%20steeply%20inclined%20corridors.%20The%20two%20localities%20have%20experienced%20similar%20climates%20and%20dissection%20in%20topography%2C%20but%20the%20relationship%20of%20stream%20incision%20to%20geologic%20structure%2C%20stratigraphy%20and%20lithology%20has%20differed%20significantly%20enough%20to%20produce%20long%20horizontal%20caves%20within%20the%20shallow%20phreatic%20zone%20around%20Sonora%20and%20deep%20vertical%20caves%20in%20the%20deep%20phreatic%20zone%20around%20Langtry.%22%2C%22publicationTitle%22%3A%22Journal%20of%20Hydrology%22%2C%22volume%22%3A%2261%22%2C%22issue%22%3A%221-3%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%2289%5Cu2013112%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221983%22%2C%22series%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesText%22%3A%22%22%2C%22journalAbbreviation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22Relict%20Caves%20as%20Evidence%20of%20Landscape%20and%20Aquifer%20Evolution%20in%20a%20Deeply%20Dissected%20Carbonate%20Terrain%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2F0022169483902378%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22Google%20Scholar%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22Copyright%20%5Cu00a9%201982%20Published%20by%20Elsevier%20B.V.%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Cretaceous%20Devils%20River%20Formation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Devils%20River%20Formation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards%20Plateau%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards-Trinity%20aquifer%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22caves%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22geomorphic%20history%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22geomorphology%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22relict%20caves%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22stream%20incision%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22VW3M8W7U%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-20T08%3A17%3A03Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-10T16%3A13%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FQBNKGX4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kochel%20and%20Baker%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221982%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKochel%2C%20R.%20C.%2C%20%26%20Baker%2C%20V.%20R.%20%281982%29.%20%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fscience.sciencemag.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F215%5C%2F4531%5C%2F353%27%3EPaleoflood%20Hydrology%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ci%3EScience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E215%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284531%29%2C%20353%5Cu2013361.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22FQBNKGX4%22%2C%22version%22%3A1288%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Paleoflood%20Hydrology%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20Craig%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kochel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Victor%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baker%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20difficult%20task%20of%20estimating%20recurrence%20intervals%20for%20large%20floods%20has%20long%20plagued%20hydrologists%20because%20statistical%20measures%20fail%20when%20return%20intervals%20of%20floods%20exceed%20the%20length%20of%20historical%20data%20sets.%20Sediments%20deposited%20in%20the%20backwaters%20of%20large%20floods%20may%20accumulate%20thick%20sequences%20in%20tributary%20mouths.%20Stratigraphic%20and%20sedimentologic%20studies%20of%20these%20sequences%20combined%20with%20radiocarbon%20dating%20have%20established%20a%2010%2C000-year%20paleoflood%20record%20for%20the%20lower%20Pecos%20and%20Devils%20rivers%20in%20southwestern%20Texas.%20This%20technique%20is%20rapid%20and%20relatively%20inexpensive%20and%20can%20be%20used%20where%20historical%20records%20are%20short%20or%20entirely%20absent.%22%2C%22publicationTitle%22%3A%22Science%22%2C%22volume%22%3A%22215%22%2C%22issue%22%3A%224531%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%22353%5Cu2013361%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221982%22%2C%22series%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesText%22%3A%22%22%2C%22journalAbbreviation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fscience.sciencemag.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F215%5C%2F4531%5C%2F353%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22Google%20Scholar%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Devils%20River%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22flood%20recurrence%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22floods%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22hydrology%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22lower%20Pecos%20River%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22paleoflood%20record%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22radiocarbon%20dating%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22sediment%20deposits%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%225SJLBX3D%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%22dc%3Arelation%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2F7N292JEN%22%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-20T08%3A17%3A58Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-10T14%3A10%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YHYYB87M%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Brune%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221975%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBrune%2C%20G.%20%281975%29.%20%3Ci%3E%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.twdb.texas.gov%5C%2Fpublications%5C%2Freports%5C%2Fnumbered_reports%5C%2Fdoc%5C%2FR189%5C%2FR189.pdf%27%3EMajor%20and%20Historical%20Springs%20of%20Texas%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28No.%20189%29.%20Texas%20Water%20Development%20Board.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22YHYYB87M%22%2C%22version%22%3A1235%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Major%20and%20Historical%20Springs%20of%20Texas%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gunnar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brune%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Springs%20have%20been%20very%20important%20to%20Texas%20from%20the%20time%20of%20its%20first%20inhabitants.%20Many%20battles%20were%20fought%20between%20the%20pioneers%20and%20Indians%20for%20possession%20of%20springs.%20Many%20springs%20afforded%20important%20stops%20on%20stagecoach%20routes%2C%20power%20for%20mills%2C%20water%20for%20medicinal%20treatment%2C%20municipal%20water%20supplies%2C%20and%20recreational%20parks.%5CnTexas%20originally%20had%20281%20major%20and%20historically%20significant%20springs%2C%20other%20than%20saline%20springs.%20Of%20these%2C%20four%20were%20originally%20very%20large%20springs%20%28over%20100%20cubic%20feet%20per%20second%20flow%29%3B%20however%2C%20only%20two%2C%20Comal%20and%20San%20Marcos%2C%20remain%20in%20that%20class%20today.%20Sixty-three%20springs%2C%20many%20with%20important%20historical%20backgrounds%2C%20have%20completely%20failed.%20Of%20the%20281%20springs%20studied%2C%20139%20issue%20from%202%20underground%20reservoirs%2C%20the%20Edwards%20%28Balcones%20Fault%20Zone%29%20and%20the%20Edwards-Trinity%20%28Plateau%29%20aquifers.%20San%20Saba%20County%2C%20with%2019%20major%20and%20significant%20springs%2C%20leads%20all%20other%20counties%20in%20the%20State.%20Val%20Verde%20and%20Kerr%20Counties%20follow%20closely.%5CnAlthough%20total%20flow%20of%20the%20springs%20included%20in%20this%20report%20has%20declined%2C%20it%20still%20amounts%20to%20about%201%2C150%2C000%20acre-feet%20per%20year%2C%20and%20if%20all%20the%20smaller%20springs%20are%20included%2C%20the%20total%20annual%20flow%20probably%20exceeds%203%2C000%2C000%20acre-feet.%5CnThe%20underground%20reservoirs%20from%20which%20springs%20arise%20may%20be%20cavernous%20limestone%20or%20gypsum%2C%20sand%2C%20gravel%2C%20or%20other%20permeable%20formations.%20Often%20faults%20have%5Cnplayed%20an%20important%20role%20in%20the%20location%20of%20springs%20by%20damming%20up%20an%20underground%20reservoir%2C%20blocking%20lateral%20flow%20so%20that%20the%20water%20under%20hydrostatic%20pressure%20can%20only%20move%20upward%20to%20overflow%20as%20springs.%20In%20other%20cases%20arching%2C%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20and%20cracking%20of%20rock%20strata%20have%20caused%20the%20formation%20of%20springs.%5CnAlthough%20a%20large%20number%20of%20water%20analyses%20were%20obtained%20and%20studied%2C%20no%20progressive%20trend%20toward%20contamination%20of%20spring%20waters%20could%20be%20found.%20At%20many%20springs%2C%20higher%20discharges%20are%20accompanied%20by%20decidedly%20lower%20concentrations%20of%20dissolved%20solids.%5CnThe%20decline%20of%20spring%20flows%20probably%20began%20soon%20after%20the%20first%20colonization%20of%20Texas%20by%20Spain.%20Clearing%20of%20forest%20land%20and%20heavy%20grazing%20of%20pastures%20probably%20reduced%20recharge.%20In%20the%20middle%201800%27s%20the%20drilling%20of%20many%20flowing%20wells%2C%20some%20of%20which%20spouted%2084%20feet%20above%20the%20land%20surface%2C%20greatly%20reduced%20the%20artesian%20pressure%20on%20springs.%20The%20natural%20%5C%22fountains%2C%5C%22%20as%20the%20springs%20were%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20by%20early%20explorers%2C%20were%20soon%20a%20thing%20of%20the%20past.%20Heavy%20well%20pumping%20of%20underground%20waters%20for%20irrigation%2C%20municipal%2C%20and%20industrial%20purposes%20has%20continued%20the%20decline%20and%20disappearance%20of%20Texas%20springs.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20reservoirs%20have%20inundated%20some%20springs%20but%20have%20increased%20the%20flow%20of%20others.%5CnDetailed%20information%20is%20given%20separately%20for%20each%20spring%2C%20including%20the%20location%2C%20geologic%20setting%2C%20historical%20background%2C%20and%20discharge%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22189%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22place%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Texas%20Water%20Development%20Board%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221975%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.twdb.texas.gov%5C%2Fpublications%5C%2Freports%5C%2Fnumbered_reports%5C%2Fdoc%5C%2FR189%5C%2FR189.pdf%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22Google%20Scholar%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22associated%20flora%20and%20fauna%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22historical%20significance%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22physical%20settings%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22prehistoric%20settings%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22springs%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227CUYGG6S%22%2C%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-28T15%3A03%3A04Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-08T20%3A54%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MRLDJD4N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Baker%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221979%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBaker%2C%20V.%20R.%2C%20Kochel%2C%20R.%20C.%2C%20%26%20Patton%2C%20P.%20C.%20%281979%29.%20%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.researchgate.net%5C%2Fprofile%5C%2FRCraig_Kochel%5C%2Fpublication%5C%2F267720695_Long-term_flood_frequency_analysis_using_geological_data%5C%2Flinks%5C%2F553a3f920cf245bdd7629ba3.pdf%27%3ELong-Term%20Flood%20Frequency%20Analysis%20Using%20Geological%20Data%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ci%3EInternational%20Association%20of%20Hydrological%20Sciences%20Publication%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E128%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%203%5Cu20139.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22MRLDJD4N%22%2C%22version%22%3A1230%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Long-Term%20Flood%20Frequency%20Analysis%20Using%20Geological%20Data%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Victor%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20Craig%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kochel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Patton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Because%20extreme%20value%20theory%20encounters%20problems%20with%20the%20negatively%20skewed%20annual%20flood%20distributions%20and%20short%20gauge%20records%20that%20occur%20in%20many%20arid%20regions%2C%20we%20here%20demonstrate%20a%20geological%20approach%20to%20palaeoflood%20analysis.%20The%20most%20useful%20data%20for%20geological%20flood%20frequency%20analysis%20come%20from%20confined%20bedrock%20canyons%20in%20which%20relatively%20small%20discharge%20variations%20produce%20relatively%20large%20changes%20in%20stage.%20Slack-water%20deposits%20up%20to%20the%20maximum%20stage%20height%20of%20the%20largest%20floods%20may%20be%20preserved%20at%20protected%20locations%20along%20such%20reaches.%20The%20dating%20of%20various%20flood%20events%20is%20possible%20by%20radiocarbon%20analyses%20of%20appropriate%20materials%20intercalated%20with%20the%20slack-water%20deposits.%20The%20Lower%20Pecos%20River%20of%20western%20Texas%20contains%20several%20sites%20with%20correlative%20slack-water%20sequences%20for%2010-12%20major%20flood%20events.%20The%20Arenosa%20locality%20preserves%20a%20record%20of%20the%20Pecos%20flood%20history%20over%20the%20past%209500%20years.%20The%20data%20show%20that%20the%20Pecos%20flood%5Cnof%201954%2C%20which%20was%20nearly%20an%20order%20of%20magnitude%20larger%20than%20any%20other%20in%2040%20years%20of%20record%2C%20had%20a%20recurrence%20interval%20of%202000%2B%20years.%22%2C%22publicationTitle%22%3A%22International%20Association%20of%20Hydrological%20Sciences%20Publication%22%2C%22volume%22%3A%22128%22%2C%22issue%22%3A%22%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%223%5Cu20139%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221979%22%2C%22series%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesText%22%3A%22%22%2C%22journalAbbreviation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.researchgate.net%5C%2Fprofile%5C%2FRCraig_Kochel%5C%2Fpublication%5C%2F267720695_Long-term_flood_frequency_analysis_using_geological_data%5C%2Flinks%5C%2F553a3f920cf245bdd7629ba3.pdf%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22Google%20Scholar%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Pecos%20flood%20of%201954%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22extreme%20value%20theory%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22flood%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22flood%20distribution%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22geological%20flood%20frequency%20analysis%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22lower%20Pecos%20River%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22radiocarbon%20analysis%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22slack-water%20deposits%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22VW3M8W7U%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-20T08%3A17%3A03Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-08T20%3A51%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SA5W4JHX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bowles%20and%20Arsuffi%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221993-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBowles%2C%20D.%2C%20%26%20Arsuffi%2C%20T.%20%281993%2C%20December%29.%20%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Faqc.3270030406%27%3EKarst%20Aquatic%20Ecosystems%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Plateau%20Region%20of%20Central%20Texas%2C%20USA%3A%20A%20Consideration%20of%20their%20Importance%2C%20Threats%20to%20their%20Existence%2C%20and%20Efforts%20for%20their%20Conservation%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20Retrieved%20August%2024%2C%202018%2C%20from%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22SA5W4JHX%22%2C%22version%22%3A1222%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Karst%20Aquatic%20Ecosystems%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Plateau%20Region%20of%20Central%20Texas%2C%20USA%3A%20A%20Consideration%20of%20their%20Importance%2C%20Threats%20to%20their%20Existence%2C%20and%20Efforts%20for%20their%20Conservation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bowles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arsuffi%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20paper%20discusses%20the%20karst%20aquatic%20ecosystems%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Plateau%2C%20Texas%2C%20including%20a%20synopsis%20of%20those%20systems%20that%20are%20threatened%20or%20endangered%20by%20anthropogenic%20disturbances.%20Thousands%20of%20springs%20issue%20from%20aquifers%20on%20the%20Edwards%20Plateau%2C%20including%20the%20largest%20springs%20in%20the%20state.%20The%20endemic%20and%20unique%20aquatic%20biota%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Plateau%20are%20presented%2C%20including%20taxa%20faced%20with%20extinction.%20Ninety%5Cu2010one%20species%20and%5C%2For%20sub%5Cu2010species%20are%20identified%20as%20being%20endemic%20to%20aquatic%20ecosystems%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Plateau.%20Threats%20to%20aquatic%20ecosystems%20are%20overpumping%20of%20aquifers%20associated%20with%20an%20expanding%20human%20population%20in%20the%20region%2C%20agricultural%20practices%2C%20urbanization%20and%20development%2C%20pollution%2C%20recreational%20activities%2C%20introductions%20of%20exotic%20species%2C%20and%20changes%20in%20regional%20and%20global%20climatic%20patterns.%20The%20means%20for%20possible%20protection%20and%20remediation%20of%20these%20threatened%20aquatic%20systems%20include%20public%20education%20on%20water%20conservation%20issues%2C%20development%20of%20water%20conservation%20plans%2C%20use%20and%20development%20of%20alternative%20sources%20of%20water%2C%20lawsuits%2C%20and%20land%20management%20and%20stewardship%20programmes.%22%2C%22websiteTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22websiteType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22December%201993%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Faqc.3270030406%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%222018-08-24T13%3A52%3A09Z%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22Copyright%20%5Cu00a9%201993%20John%20Wiley%20%26%20Sons%2C%20Ltd%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards%20Plateau%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22agricultural%20practices%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22alternative%20sources%20of%20water%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22anthropogenic%20disturbances%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22aquatic%20biota%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22climatic%20pattern%20changes%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22endemic%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22exotic%20species%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22extinction%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22karst%20aquatic%20ecosystems%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22land%20management%20and%20stewardship%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22lawsuits%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22overpumping%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22pollution%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22recreational%20activities%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22urbanization%20and%20development%2C%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22water%20conservation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22water%20conservation%20plans%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227CUYGG6S%22%2C%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%22PN6FFX4E%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22AYSGILB5%22%2C%2237GFADCG%22%2C%224BINQX6Z%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-28T15%3A03%3A04Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-08T20%3A36%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FWLGHJG7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Maclay%20and%20Small%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221983%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMaclay%2C%20R.%20W.%2C%20%26%20Small%2C%20T.%20A.%20%281983%29.%20%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2F0022169483902391%27%3EHydrostratigraphic%20Subdivisions%20and%20Fault%20Barriers%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Aquifer%2C%20South-Central%20Texas%2C%20USA%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Hydrology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E61%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%5Cu20133%29%2C%20127%5Cu2013146.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22FWLGHJG7%22%2C%22version%22%3A1199%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Hydrostratigraphic%20Subdivisions%20and%20Fault%20Barriers%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Aquifer%2C%20South-Central%20Texas%2C%20USA%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maclay%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Small%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20karstic%20Edwards%20Limestone%20within%20the%20Balcones%20Fault%20Zone%20of%20south-central%20Texas%20forms%20a%20productive%20confined%20aquifer%20that%20consists%20predominately%20of%20dense%20carbonate%20rocks%20and%20contains%20several%20layers%20of%20highly%20permeable%20and%20porous%20honeycombed%20rocks%20that%20have%20been%20produced%20by%20the%20leaching%20of%20evaporitic%2C%20tidal%20flat%20or%20reefal%20deposits.%20Fractures%20have%20hydraulically%20interconnected%20these%20layers%20at%20some%20places.%20Faults%2C%20however%2C%20commonly%20place%20rocks%20of%20very%20high-permeability%20opposite%20rocks%20of%20very%20low%20permeability%2C%20thus%20creating%20a%20lateral%20discontinuity%20and%20a%20flow%20barrier.%20At%20places%2C%20fault%20barriers%20probably%20cause%20partial%20to%20almost%20complete%20blockage%20of%20groundwater%20flow%20normal%20to%20the%20fault.%22%2C%22publicationTitle%22%3A%22Journal%20of%20Hydrology%22%2C%22volume%22%3A%2261%22%2C%22issue%22%3A%221-3%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%22127%5Cu2013146%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221983%22%2C%22series%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesText%22%3A%22%22%2C%22journalAbbreviation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2F0022169483902391%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22Google%20Scholar%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22Copyright%20%5Cu00a9%201982%20Published%20by%20Elsevier%20B.V.%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Balcones%20Fault%20Zone%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards%20Aquifer%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards%20Limestone%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22carbonate%20rocks%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22faults%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22karst%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22lateral%20discontinuity%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22reefal%20deposits%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22VW3M8W7U%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-20T08%3A17%3A58Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-08T19%3A44%3A01Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KIBEAKDY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Boghici%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBoghici%2C%20R.%20%28n.d.%29.%20%3Ci%3E%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.twdb.texas.gov%5C%2Fpublications%5C%2Freports%5C%2Fnumbered_reports%5C%2Fdoc%5C%2FR360%5C%2FCh04.pdf%27%3EHydrogeology%20of%20Edwards%5Cu2013Trinity%20Aquifer%20of%20Texas%20and%20Coahuila%20in%20the%20Border%20Region%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28p.%2024%29.%20Texas%20Water%20Development%20Board.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22KIBEAKDY%22%2C%22version%22%3A1195%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Hydrogeology%20of%20Edwards%5Cu2013Trinity%20Aquifer%20of%20Texas%20and%20Coahuila%20in%20the%20Border%20Region%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Radu%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boghici%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Since%201994%2C%20and%20in%20cooperation%20with%20the%20U.%20S.%20Environmental%20Protection%20Agency%2C%20the%20Mexican%20and%20American%20Sections%20of%20the%20International%20Boundary%20and%20Water%20Commission%2C%20and%20Comision%20Nacional%20del%20Agua%2C%20the%20Texas%20Water%20Development%20Board%20%28TWDB%29%20has%20been%20working%20to%20%281%29%20identify%20and%20characterize%20the%20groundwater%20resources%20shared%20by%20Mexico%20and%20the%20United%20States%20along%20their%20transboundary%20extent%3B%20%282%29%20to%20identify%20any%20environmental%20and%20water-quality%20problems%20in%20the%20aquifers%3B%20and%20%283%29%20to%20collate%20binational%20data%20into%20one%20geographic%20information%20system%20%28GIS%29%20database.%20This%20work%20has%20resulted%20in%20the%20delineation%20and%20characterization%20of%20several%20binational%20aquifers%20%28Hibbs%20and%20others%2C%201997%3B%20Boghici%2C%202002%29.%20One%20of%20the%20binational%20aquifers%20delineated%20and%20characterized%20was%20the%20Edwards%5Cu2013Trinity%20aquifer.%20The%20states%20of%20Texas%20and%20Coahuila%20share%20the%20water%20resources%20of%20this%20carbonate%20aquifer%20that%20spans%20the%20international%20border.%20This%20paper%20presents%20the%20results%20of%20hydraulic-head%20mapping%2C%20describes%20the%20quality%20of%20groundwater%20and%20the%20mechanisms%20of%20aquifer%20recharge%20and%20discharge%2C%20and%20estimates%20the%20recoverable%20quantities%20of%20groundwater.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22place%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Texas%20Water%20Development%20Board%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%2224%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.twdb.texas.gov%5C%2Fpublications%5C%2Freports%5C%2Fnumbered_reports%5C%2Fdoc%5C%2FR360%5C%2FCh04.pdf%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22Zotero%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Comision%20Nacional%20del%20Agua%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards%5Cu2013Trinity%20aquifer%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Environmental%20Protection%20Agency%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22International%20Boundary%20and%20Water%20Commission%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Texas%20Water%20Development%20Board%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22aquifers%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22binational%20aquifers%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22binational%20data%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22environmental%20problems%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22geographic%20information%20system%20database%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22groundwater%20resources%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22water-quality%20problems%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22VW3M8W7U%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%22dc%3Arelation%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2F27ZKUPTZ%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FBCDHK7S3%22%5D%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-28T15%3A03%3A04Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-08T19%3A39%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2284AVL3SV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Veni%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221994%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EVeni%2C%20G.%20%281994%29.%20%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.texasspeleologicalsurvey.org%5C%2FPDF%5C%2FGeologychapter.pdf%27%3EHydrogeology%20and%20Evolution%20of%20Caves%20and%20Karst%20in%20the%20Southwestern%20Edwards%20Plateau%2C%20Texas%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20In%20%3Ci%3EThe%20Caves%20and%20Karst%20of%20Texas%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28pp.%2013%5Cu201330%29.%20National%20Speleological%20Society%2C%20Huntsville%2C%20Alabama.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%2284AVL3SV%22%2C%22version%22%3A1178%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Hydrogeology%20and%20Evolution%20of%20Caves%20and%20Karst%20in%20the%20Southwestern%20Edwards%20Plateau%2C%20Texas%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veni%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20southwestern%20Edwards%20Plateau%20is%20delimited%20to%20the%20east%20by%20the%20Nueces%20River%2C%20to%20the%20south%20by%20the%20Rio%20Grande%20and%20Balcones%20Escarpment%2C%20to%20the%20west%20by%20the%20Pecos%20River%2C%20and%20to%20the%20north%20by%2030%5Cu00b0N%20latitude%2C%20the%20approximate%20northern%20extent%20of%20the%20Nueces%20River%20basin.%20The%20Plateau%20is%20comprised%20of%20predominantly%20undeformed%20Cretaceous%20carbonate%20rocks.%20Subsidence%20sinkholes%20and%20caves%20are%20the%20major%20karst%20features.%20The%20subsidence%20sinkholes%20occurred%20as%20early%20as%20the%20Miocene%20and%20resulted%20from%20the%20collapse%20of%20large%20conduits%20formed%20by%20slowly%20circulating%20phreatic%20waters%20in%20massive%20limestone%20beds.%20The%20uncollapsed%20or%20partially%20collapsed%20segments%20of%20these%20caves%20include%20the%20largest%20passages%20in%20Texas.%20They%20occur%20where%20the%20Del%20Rio%20Clay%20is%20absent%20from%20above%20the%20Edwards%20Limestone%20and%20downgradient%20from%20that%20area.%20The%20absence%20of%20the%20Del%20Rio%20allowed%20diffuse%2C%20undersaturated%20recharge%20to%20slowly%20develop%20the%20conduits.%20Despite%20the%20significance%20of%20the%20known%20karst%20features%2C%20most%20have%20not%20been%20geologically%20examined.%20Field%20research%20is%20needed%20to%20better%20reconstruct%20the%20karst%20evolution%20of%20the%20Plateau%20and%20to%20better%20determine%20how%20that%20evolution%20relates%20to%20modern%20processes.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22The%20Caves%20and%20Karst%20of%20Texas%22%2C%22series%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22volume%22%3A%22%22%2C%22numberOfVolumes%22%3A%22%22%2C%22edition%22%3A%22%22%2C%22place%22%3A%22%22%2C%22publisher%22%3A%22National%20Speleological%20Society%2C%20Huntsville%2C%20Alabama%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221994%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%2213-30%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.texasspeleologicalsurvey.org%5C%2FPDF%5C%2FGeologychapter.pdf%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22Google%20Scholar%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Balcones%20Escarpment%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Cretaceous%20carbonate%20rocks%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards%20Plateau%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Miocene%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Nueces%20River%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Pecos%20River%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Rio%20Grande%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22caves%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22karst%20features%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22sinkholes%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22VW3M8W7U%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-28T16%3A26%3A46Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-08T19%3A17%3A44Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Z8FZQRVH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Barker%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221994%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBarker%2C%20R.%20A.%2C%20Bush%2C%20P.%20W.%2C%20%26%20Baker%2C%20E.%20T.%20%281994%29.%20%3Ci%3E%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.er.usgs.gov%5C%2Fpublication%5C%2Fwri944039%27%3EGeologic%20History%20and%20Hydrogeologic%20Setting%20of%20the%20Edwards-Trinity%20Aquifer%20System%2C%20West-Central%20Texas%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28Water-Resources%20Investigations%20Report%20No.%2094%5Cu20134039%29%20%28p.%2055%29.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22Z8FZQRVH%22%2C%22version%22%3A1132%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Geologic%20History%20and%20Hydrogeologic%20Setting%20of%20the%20Edwards-Trinity%20Aquifer%20System%2C%20West-Central%20Texas%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rene%20A%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20W%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bush%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E%20T%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baker%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Edwards-Trinity%20aquifer%20system%20underlies%20about%2042%2C000%20square%20miles%20of%20west-central%20Texas.%20Nearly%20flat-lying%2C%20mostly%20Comanche%20%28Lower%20Cretaceous%29%20strata%20of%20the%20aquifer%20system%20thin%20northwestward%20atop%20massive%20pre-Cretaceous%20rocks%20that%20are%20comparatively%20impermeable%20and%20structurally%20complex.%20From%20predominately%20terrigenous%20clastic%20sediments%20in%20the%20east%20and%20fluvialdeltaic%20%28terrestrial%29%20deposits%20in%20the%20west%2C%20the%20rocks%20of%20early%20Trinitian%20age%20grade%20upward%20into%20supratidal%20evaporitic%20and%20dolomitic%20strata%2C%20intertidal%20limestone%20and%20dolostone%2C%20and%20shallow-marine%2C%20openshelf%2C%20and%20reefal%20strata%20of%20late%20Trinitian%2C%20Fredericksburgian%2C%20and%20Washitan%20age.%20A%20thick%2C%20downfaulted%20remnant%20of%20mostly%20open-marine%20strata%20of%20Eaglefordian%20through%20Navarroan%20age%20composes%20a%20small%2C%20southeastern%20part%20of%20the%20aquifer%20system.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%2294-4039%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22Water-Resources%20Investigations%20Report%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22place%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221994%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%2255%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.er.usgs.gov%5C%2Fpublication%5C%2Fwri944039%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22Zotero%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Comanche%20strata%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Eaglefordian%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards-Trinity%20aquifer%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Fredericksburgian%20age%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Lower%20Cretaceous%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Navarroan%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Trinitian%20age%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Washitan%20age%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22dolomitic%20strata%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22fluvialdeltaic%20deposits%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22pre-Cretaceous%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22supratidal%20evaporitic%20strata%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22terrigenous%20clastic%20sediment%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22VW3M8W7U%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%22dc%3Arelation%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FL9SHW9ZR%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2F6PBR7FC6%22%5D%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-28T15%3A03%3A04Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-08T17%3A52%3A47Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22L9SHW9ZR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Clark%20and%20Small%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EClark%2C%20A.%20K.%2C%20%26%20Small%2C%20T.%20A.%20%281997%29.%20%3Ci%3E%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.er.usgs.gov%5C%2Fpublication%5C%2Fwri974094%27%3EGeologic%20Framework%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Aquifer%20and%20Upper%20Confining%20Unit%2C%20and%20Hydrogeologic%20Characteristics%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Aquifer%2C%20South-Central%20Uvalde%20County%2C%20Texas%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28Water-Resources%20Investigations%20Report%29.%20US%20Geological%20Survey.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22L9SHW9ZR%22%2C%22version%22%3A1132%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Geologic%20Framework%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Aquifer%20and%20Upper%20Confining%20Unit%2C%20and%20Hydrogeologic%20Characteristics%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Aquifer%2C%20South-Central%20Uvalde%20County%2C%20Texas%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Allan%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clark%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ted%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Small%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20stratigraphic%20units%20of%20the%20Edwards%20aquifer%20in%20south-central%20Uvalde%20County%20generally%20are%20porous%20and%20permeable.%20The%20stratigraphic%20units%20that%20compose%20the%20Edwards%20aquifer%20in%20south-central%20Uvalde%20County%20are%20the%20Devils%20River%20Formation%20in%20the%20Devils%20River%20trend%3B%20and%20the%20West%20Nueces%2C%20McKnight%2C%20and%20Salmon%20Peak%20Formations%20in%20the%20Maverick%20Basin.%20The%20Balcones%20fault%20zone%20is%20the%20principal%20structural%20feature%20in%20Uvalde%20County%3B%20however%2C%20the%20displacement%20along%20the%20fault%20zone%20is%20less%20in%20Uvalde%20County%20than%20in%20adjacent%20Medina%20and%20Bexar%20Counties%20to%20the%20east.%20The%20Uvalde%20Salient%20is%20a%20structural%20high%20in%20south-central%20Uvalde%20County%2C%20and%20consists%20of%20several%20closely%20connected%20crustal%20uplifts%20that%20bring%20Edwards%20aquifer%20strata%20to%20the%20surface%20generally%20forming%20prominent%20hills.%20The%20crustal%20uplifts%20forming%20this%20structural%20high%20are%20the%20remnants%20of%20intrusive%20and%20extrusive%20magnatic%20activity.%20Six%20primary%20faults%5Cu2014Cooks%2C%20Black%20Mountain%2C%20Blue%20Mountain%2C%20Uvalde%2C%20Agape%2C%20and%20Connor%5Cu2014cross%20the%20length%20of%20the%20study%20area%20from%20the%20southwest%20to%20the%20northeast%20juxtaposing%20the%20Lower%20Cretaceous%20Salmon%20Peak%20Formation%20at%20the%20surface%20in%20the%20northwestern%20part%20of%20the%20study%20area%20against%20Upper%20Cretaceous%20formations%20in%20the%20central%20part%20of%20the%20study%20area.%20In%20the%20study%20area%2C%20the%20porosity%20of%20the%20rocks%20in%20the%20Edwards%20aquifer%20is%20related%20to%20depositional%20or%20diagenetic%20elements%20along%20specific%20stratigraphic%20horizons%20%28fabric%20selective%29%20and%20to%20dissolution%20and%20structural%20elements%20that%20can%20occur%20in%20any%20lithostratigraphic%20horizon%20%28not%20fabric%20selective%29.%20Permeability%20depends%20on%20the%20physical%20properties%20of%20the%20rock%20such%20as%20size%2C%20shape%2C%20distribution%20of%20pores%2C%20and%20fissuring%20and%20dissolution.%20The%20middle%20185%20feet%20of%20the%20lower%20part%20of%20the%20Devils%20River%20Formation%2C%20the%20upper%20part%20of%20the%20Devils%20River%20Formation%2C%20and%20the%20upper%20unit%20of%20the%20Salmon%20Peak%20Formation%20probably%20are%20the%20most%20porous%20and%20permeable%20stratigraphic%20zones%20of%20the%20Edwards%20aquifer%20in%20south-central%20Uvalde%20County.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22Water-Resources%20Investigations%20Report%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22place%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22US%20Geological%20Survey%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221997%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.er.usgs.gov%5C%2Fpublication%5C%2Fwri974094%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22Google%20Scholar%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Balcones%20Fault%20Zone%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Devils%20River%20Formation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards%20Aquifer%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Lower%20Cretaceous%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Maverick%20Basin%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22McKnight%20Formation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Salmon%20Peak%20Formation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Upper%20Cretaceous%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Uvalde%20County%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Uvalde%20salient%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22West%20Nueces%20Formation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22faults%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22stratigraphic%20units%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22VW3M8W7U%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%22dc%3Arelation%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FC9ZUV657%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FZ8FZQRVH%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2F6PBR7FC6%22%5D%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-20T08%3A17%3A58Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-08T17%3A43%3A46Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226PBR7FC6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Clark%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222003%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EClark%2C%20A.%20K.%20%282003%29.%20%3Ci%3E%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%5C%2Fwri%5C%2Fwri03-4010%5C%2F%27%3EGeologic%20Framework%20and%20Hydrogeologic%20Characteristics%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Aquifer%2C%20Uvalde%20County%2C%20Texas%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28Water-Resources%20Investigations%20Report%20No.%2003%5Cu20134010%29.%20US%20Geological%20Survey.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%226PBR7FC6%22%2C%22version%22%3A1132%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Geologic%20Framework%20and%20Hydrogeologic%20Characteristics%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Aquifer%2C%20Uvalde%20County%2C%20Texas%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Allan%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clark%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Edwards%20aquifer%20in%20Uvalde%20County%20is%20composed%20of%20Lower%20Cretaceous%20carbonate%20%28mostly%20dolomitic%20limestone%29%20strata%20of%20the%20Devils%20River%20Formation%20in%20the%20Devils%20River%20trend%20and%20of%20the%20West%20Nueces%2C%20McKnight%2C%20and%20Salmon%20Peak%20Formations%20in%20the%20Maverick%20basin.%20Rocks%20in%20the%20Devils%20River%20trend%20are%20divided%20at%20the%20bottom%20of%20the%20Devils%20River%20Formation%20into%20the%20%28informal%29%20basal%20nodular%20unit.%20Maverick%20basin%20rocks%20are%20divided%20%28informally%29%20into%20the%20basal%20nodular%20unit%20of%20the%20West%20Nueces%20Formation%3B%20into%20lower%2C%20middle%2C%20and%20upper%20units%20of%20the%20McKnight%20Formation%3B%20and%20into%20lower%20and%20upper%20units%20of%20the%20Salmon%20Peak%20Formation.%20The%20Edwards%20aquifer%20overlies%20the%20%28Lower%20Cretaceous%29%20Glen%20Rose%20Limestone%2C%20which%20composes%20the%20lower%20confining%20unit%20of%20the%20Edwards%20aquifer.%20The%20Edwards%20aquifer%20is%20overlain%20by%20the%20%28Upper%20Cretaceous%29%20Del%20Rio%20Clay%2C%20the%20basal%20formation%20of%20the%20upper%20confining%20unit.%20Upper%20Cretaceous%20and%20%28or%29%20Lower%20Tertiary%20igneous%20rocks%20intrude%20all%20stratigraphic%20units%20that%20compose%20the%20Edwards%20aquifer%2C%20particularly%20in%20the%20southern%20part%20of%20the%20study%20area.%5Cn%5CnThe%20Balcones%20fault%20zone%20and%20the%20Uvalde%20salient%20are%20the%20principal%20structural%20features%20in%20the%20study%20area.%20The%20fault%20zone%20comprises%20mostly%20en%20echelon%2C%20high-angle%2C%20and%20down-to-the-southeast%20normal%20faults%20that%20trend%20mostly%20from%20southwest%20to%20northeast.%20The%20Uvalde%20salient%5Cu2014resulting%20apparently%20from%20a%20combination%20of%20crustal%20uplift%2C%20diverse%20faulting%2C%20and%20igneous%20activity%5Cu2014elevates%20the%20Edwards%20aquifer%20to%20the%20surface%20across%20the%20central%20part%20of%20Uvalde%20County.%20Downfaulted%20blocks%20associated%20with%20six%20primary%20faults%5Cu2014Cooks%2C%20Black%20Mountain%2C%20Blue%20Mountain%2C%20Uvalde%2C%20Agape%2C%20and%20Connor%5Cu2014juxtapose%20the%20Salmon%20Peak%20Formation%20%28Lower%20Cretaceous%29%20in%20central%20parts%20of%20the%20study%20area%20against%20Upper%20Cretaceous%20strata%20in%20the%20southeastern%20part.%5Cn%5CnThe%20carbonate%20rocks%20of%20the%20Devils%20River%20trend%20and%20the%20Maverick%20basin%20are%20products%20of%20assorted%20tectonic%20and%20depositional%20conditions%20that%20affected%20the%20depth%20and%20circulation%20of%20the%20Cretaceous%20seas.%20The%20Devils%20River%20Formation%20formed%20in%20a%20fringing%20carbonate%20bank%5Cu2014the%20Devils%20River%20trend%5Cu2014in%20mostly%20open%20shallow%20marine%20environments%20of%20relatively%20high%20wave%20and%20current%20energy.%20The%20West%20Nueces%2C%20McKnight%2C%20and%20Salmon%20Peak%20Formations%20resulted%20mostly%20from%20partly%20restricted%20to%20open%20marine%2C%20tidal-flat%2C%20and%20restricted%20deep-basinal%20environments%20in%20the%20Maverick%20basin.%5Cn%5CnThe%20porosity%20of%20the%20Edwards%20aquifer%20results%20from%20depositional%20and%20diagenetic%20effects%20along%20specific%20lithostratigraphic%20horizons%20%28fabric%20selective%29%20and%20from%20structural%20and%20solutional%20features%20that%20can%20occur%20in%20any%20lithostratigraphic%20horizon%20%28non-fabric%20selective%29.%20In%20addition%20to%20porosity%20depending%20upon%20the%20effects%20of%20fracturing%20and%20the%20dissolution%20of%20chemically%20unstable%20%28soluble%29%20minerals%20and%20fossils%2C%20the%20resultant%20permeability%20depends%20on%20the%20size%2C%20shape%2C%20and%20distribution%20of%20the%20porosity%20as%20well%20as%20the%20interconnection%20among%20the%20pores.%20Upper%20parts%20of%20the%20Devils%20River%20Formation%20and%20the%20upper%20unit%20of%20the%20Salmon%20Peak%20Formation%20compose%20some%20of%20the%20most%20porous%20and%20permeable%20rocks%20in%20Uvalde%20County.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%2203-4010%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22Water-Resources%20Investigations%20Report%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22place%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22US%20Geological%20Survey%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222003%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%5C%2Fwri%5C%2Fwri03-4010%5C%2F%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22Google%20Scholar%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Balcones%20Fault%20Zone%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Devils%20River%20Formation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Dolomitic%20limestone%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards%20Aquifer%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Geology%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Lower%20Cretaceous%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Uvalde%20County%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Uvalde%20salient%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22carbonate%20rocks%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22porosity%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22VW3M8W7U%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%22dc%3Arelation%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FC9ZUV657%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FL9SHW9ZR%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FZ8FZQRVH%22%5D%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-20T08%3A17%3A58Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-08T16%3A42%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NUIU7Z95%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Breeding%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221954%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBreeding%2C%20S.%20D.%20%281954%29.%20%3Ci%3E%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.er.usgs.gov%5C%2Fpublication%5C%2Fofr5427%27%3EFloods%20in%20Devils%20and%20Pecos%20River%20Basins%20of%20Texas%2C%20June%2027-28%2C%201954%20-%20Miscellaneous%20Data%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28USGS%20Numbered%20Series%20No.%2054%5Cu201327%29.%20U.S.%20Geological%20Survey.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22NUIU7Z95%22%2C%22version%22%3A1060%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Floods%20in%20Devils%20and%20Pecos%20River%20Basins%20of%20Texas%2C%20June%2027-28%2C%201954%20-%20Miscellaneous%20Data%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Breeding%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Record-breaking%20floods%20occurred%20June%2027%2C%2028%2C%201954%2C%20in%20the%20Devils%20and%20lower%20Pecos%20Rivers%20and%20in%20some%20tributaries%20to%20those%20streams%2C%20caused%20by%20heavy%20rainfall%20of%20June%2026-28.%20At%20the%20time%20of%20the%20flood%20the%20geological%20Survey%20was%20not%20operating%20a%20gaging%20station%20in%20the%20Devils%20River%20basin%20or%20in%20the%20Pecos%20river%20basin%20below%20Girvin.%20Continuous%20records%20of%20the%20flow%20of%20Devils%20River%20were%20obtained%20by%20the%20Geological%20Survey%20at%20the%20station%20at%20Baker%27s%20Crossing%20near%20Juno%20from%20May%201925%20to%20September%201949%20and%20on%20the%20Pecos%20River%20near%20Sheffield%20from%20October%201921%20to%20April%201925%20and%20from%20October%201939%20to%20September%201949.%20Records%20of%20the%20great%20flood%20flows%20near%20the%20mouths%20of%20the%20Devils%20and%20Pecos%20Rivers%20mentioned%20above%20were%20obtained%20by%20the%20International%20Boundary%20and%20Water%20Commission%2C%20United%20States%20and%20Mexico%2C%20at%20gaging%20stations%20maintained%20by%20that%20agency%20on%20the%20Devils%20River%20near%20Del%20Rio%20and%20the%20Pecos%20River%20near%20Comstock.%20The%20outstanding%20nature%20of%20the%20flood%20in%20the%20lower%20Pecos%20River%20is%20shown%20by%20the%20fact%20that%20the%20maximum%20stage%20reached%20at%20the%20Comstock%20gaging%20station%20was%2097.8%20ft%20on%20June%2027%2C%201954%2C%20whereas%20the%20maximum%20stage%20reached%20at%20this%20gage%20between%20the%20beginning%20of%20record%20in%201900%20and%201954%20was%20only%2038.2%20ft.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%2254-27%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22USGS%20Numbered%20Series%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22Open-File%20Report%22%2C%22place%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22U.S.%20Geological%20Survey%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221954%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.er.usgs.gov%5C%2Fpublication%5C%2Fofr5427%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%222018-08-24T15%3A36%3A26Z%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22pubs.er.usgs.gov%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Bakers%20Crossing%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Del%20Rio%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Devils%20River%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22International%20Boundary%20and%20Water%20Commission%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Pecos%20River%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22U.%20S.%20Geological%20Survey%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22continuous%20flow%20records%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22floods%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22gaging%20station%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-28T15%3A03%3A04Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-08T14%3A48%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228W8WAIN6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Green%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-09-19%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGreen%2C%20R.%20T.%2C%20Bertetti%2C%20F.%20P.%2C%20%26%20Miller%2C%20M.%20S.%20%282014%29.%20%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0022169414003692%27%3EFocused%20Groundwater%20Flow%20in%20a%20Carbonate%20Aquifer%20in%20a%20Semi-Arid%20Environment%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Hydrology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E517%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20284%5Cu2013297.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jhydrol.2014.05.015%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%228W8WAIN6%22%2C%22version%22%3A1059%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Focused%20Groundwater%20Flow%20in%20a%20Carbonate%20Aquifer%20in%20a%20Semi-Arid%20Environment%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Green%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bertetti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miller%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22An%20efficient%20conveyance%20system%20for%20groundwater%20is%20shown%20to%20have%20formed%20in%20a%20carbonate%20aquifer%20even%20though%20it%20is%20situated%20in%20a%20semi-arid%20environment.%20This%20conveyance%20system%20comprises%20preferential%20flow%20pathways%20that%20developed%20coincident%20with%20river%20channels.%20A%20strong%20correlation%20between%20high%20capacity%20wells%20and%20proximity%20to%20higher-order%20river%20channels%20%28i.e.%2C%20within%202.5km%29%20is%20used%20as%20evidence%20of%20preferential%20flow%20pathways.%20Factors%20that%20contributed%20to%20development%20of%20the%20preferential%20flow%20paths%3A%20%28i%29%20karst%20development%20in%20carbonate%20rocks%2C%20%28ii%29%20structural%20exhumation%20of%20a%20carbonate%20plateau%2C%20and%20%28iii%29%20the%20requirement%20that%20the%20groundwater%20regime%20of%20the%20watershed%20has%20adequate%20capacity%20to%20convey%20sufficient%20quantities%20of%20water%20at%20the%20required%20rates%20across%20the%20full%20extent%20of%20the%20watershed.%20Recognition%20of%20these%20preferential%20pathways%20in%20proximity%20to%20river%20channels%20provides%20a%20basis%20to%20locate%20where%20high%20capacity%20wells%20are%20likely%20%28and%20unlikely%29%20and%20indicates%20that%20groundwater%20flow%20within%20the%20watershed%20is%20relatively%20rapid%2C%20consistent%20with%20flow%20rates%20representative%20of%20karstic%20aquifers.%20This%20understanding%20provides%20a%20basis%20for%20better%20informed%20decisions%20regarding%20water-resource%20management%20of%20a%20carbonate%20aquifer%20in%20a%20semi-arid%20environment.%22%2C%22publicationTitle%22%3A%22Journal%20of%20Hydrology%22%2C%22volume%22%3A%22517%22%2C%22issue%22%3A%22%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%22284-297%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22September%2019%2C%202014%22%2C%22series%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesText%22%3A%22%22%2C%22journalAbbreviation%22%3A%22Journal%20of%20Hydrology%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jhydrol.2014.05.015%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220022-1694%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0022169414003692%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%222018-08-24T20%3A21%3A34Z%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22ScienceDirect%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22Copyright%20%5Cu00a9%202014%20Elsevier%20B.V.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Arid-land%20recharge%22%2C%22type%22%3A1%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Carbonate%20aquifer%22%2C%22type%22%3A1%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Groundwater%20conveyance%22%2C%22type%22%3A1%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Karst%20hydrology%22%2C%22type%22%3A1%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Water-budget%20analysis%22%2C%22type%22%3A1%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Well%20capacity%22%2C%22type%22%3A1%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22adequate%20capacity%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22groundwater%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22high%20capacity%20wells%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22karst%20development%20in%20carbonate%20rocks%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22preferential%20flow%20pathways%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22semi-arid%20environment%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22structural%20exhumation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22water-resource%20management%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-28T15%3A03%3A04Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-08T14%3A45%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BT5DA9MS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cohen%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-11-30%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECohen%2C%20A.%20E.%2C%20Labay%2C%20B.%20J.%2C%20Hendrickson%2C%20D.%20A.%2C%20Casarez%2C%20M.%2C%20%26%20Sarkar%2C%20S.%20%282013%29.%20%3Ci%3E%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Frepositories.lib.utexas.edu%5C%2Fhandle%5C%2F2152%5C%2F22475%27%3EFinal%20Report%3A%20Data%20Provision%20and%20Projected%20Impact%20of%20Climate%20Change%20on%20Fish%20Biodiversity%20within%20the%20Desert%20LCC%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Texas%20Natural%20Science%20Center.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22BT5DA9MS%22%2C%22version%22%3A1047%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Final%20Report%3A%20Data%20Provision%20and%20Projected%20Impact%20of%20Climate%20Change%20on%20Fish%20Biodiversity%20within%20the%20Desert%20LCC%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Adam%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cohen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ben%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Labay%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dean%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hendrickson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melissa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Casarez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sahotra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sarkar%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20four%20primary%20objectives%20of%20this%20project%20were%20to%3A%20%281%29%20compile%20a%20dataset%20of%20fish%20occurrence%20records%20for%20the%20entirety%20of%20the%20Rio%20Grande%20drainage%20in%20the%20US%20and%20Mexico%3B%20%282%29%20improve%20that%20dataset%20by%20reformatting%20dates%2C%20synonymizing%20species%20names%20to%20a%20modern%20taxonomy%2C%20georeferencing%20localities%2C%20and%20flagging%20geographic%20outliers%3B%20%283%29%20for%20those%20species%20with%20sufficient%20data%20for%20modeling%2C%20create%20species%20distribution%20models%20%28SDMs%29%3B%20%284%29%20use%20the%20environmental%20conditions%20determined%20via%20those%20models%20to%20project%20the%20species%20distributions%20into%20the%20future%20under%20two%20climate%20scenarios.%20To%20accomplish%20those%20objectives%2C%20we%20compiled%20495%2C101%20fish%20occurrence%20records%20mined%20from%20122%20original%20sources%20into%20a%20single%20database.%20We%20then%2C%20on%20the%20basis%20of%20text%20string%20searches%20of%20the%20original%20sources%27%20verbatim%20locality%20fields%2C%20extracted%20145%2C426%20records%20that%20we%20judged%20to%20have%20a%20reasonable%20likelihood%20of%20being%20from%20the%20Rio%20Grande%20drainage.%20For%20those%20records%20we%20edited%20taxonomy%2C%20reformatted%20dates%2C%20and%20finally%20georeferenced%2059%2C156%20%2841%25%29%20records%2C%20which%20proved%20sufficient%20for%20constructing%20SDMs%20for%2036%20species%20that%20met%20a%20priori%20quality%20assurance%20criteria.%20We%20provide%20basic%20interpretation%20of%20these%20models%20and%20discuss%20projections%20of%20them%20into%20several%20different%20future%20climate%20forecasts.%20Products%20include%20raw%20model%20outputs%20and%20symbolized%20maps%20helpful%20in%20interpretation%20and%20comparison%2C%20as%20well%20as%20raw%20data%20sets%20and%20recommendations%20regarding%20how%20all%20of%20these%20product%20might%20be%20used%20in%20future%20management%20and%20research%20efforts.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22place%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Texas%20Natural%20Science%20Center%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22November%2030%2C%202013%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22Final%20Report%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Frepositories.lib.utexas.edu%5C%2Fhandle%5C%2F2152%5C%2F22475%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%222018-08-24T16%3A57%3A19Z%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22repositories.lib.utexas.edu%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs%203.0%20United%20States%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22fish%20occurrence%20records%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22georeferencing%20localities%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22management%20and%20research%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22species%20distribution%20models%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22species%20distributions%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PN6FFX4E%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22AYSGILB5%22%2C%22FN5WFMJB%22%2C%2237GFADCG%22%2C%22C8CA3RUZ%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%22dc%3Arelation%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FBER5X78V%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FLRUQPV5Y%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FXHCDKN5Z%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FYDVI8C7M%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FBYCBDC4N%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FEZ98C5PJ%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FJI6XLNPA%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FFNGUQEL4%22%5D%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-28T15%3A03%3A04Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-05T23%3A59%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QYEBF7YB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Clark%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EClark%2C%20M.%20L.%2C%20Eddy-Miller%2C%20C.%20A.%2C%20%26%20Mast%2C%20M.%20A.%20%282000%29.%20%3Ci%3E%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.er.usgs.gov%5C%2Fpublication%5C%2Fcir1173C%27%3EEnvironmental%20Characteristics%20and%20Water%20Quality%20of%20Hydrologic%20Benchmark%20Network%20Stations%20in%20the%20West-Central%20United%20States%2C%201963-95%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28USGS%20Numbered%20Series%20No.%201173%5Cu2013%20C%29.%20U.S.%20Department%20of%20the%20Interior%2C%20U.S.%20Geological%20Survey%2C.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22QYEBF7YB%22%2C%22version%22%3A1672%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Environmental%20Characteristics%20and%20Water%20Quality%20of%20Hydrologic%20Benchmark%20Network%20Stations%20in%20the%20West-Central%20United%20States%2C%201963-95%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melanie%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clark%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eddy-Miller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20Alisa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mast%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20report%20describes%20the%20environmental%20characteristics%20and%20water-quality%20characteristics%20of%2014%20benchmark%20basins%20in%20the%20west-central%20United%20States.%20The%20information%20was%20compiled%20to%20aide%20in%20the%20interpretation%20and%20application%20of%20historical%20water-quality%20data%20collected%20through%20the%20Hydrologic%20Benchmark%20Network%20Program.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%221173-C%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22USGS%20Numbered%20Series%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22Circular%22%2C%22place%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22U.S.%20Department%20of%20the%20Interior%2C%20U.S.%20Geological%20Survey%2C%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.er.usgs.gov%5C%2Fpublication%5C%2Fcir1173C%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%222018-09-05T16%3A58%3A26Z%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22pubs.er.usgs.gov%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22water%20quality%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%22PN6FFX4E%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22M5Y5MPZ6%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-09-06T13%3A22%3A09Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-05T22%3A46%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AA4SWLBK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rose%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221974-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERose%2C%20P.%20R.%20%281974%29.%20%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farchives.datapages.com%5C%2Fdata%5C%2FHGS%5C%2Fvol17%5C%2Fno01%5C%2F03.htm%27%3EEdwards%20Group%2C%20Surface%20and%20Subsurface%2C%20Central%20Texas%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ci%3EHouston%20Geological%20Society%20Bulletin%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3EVolume%2017%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%28No.%201%29%2C%20Pages%203-3.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22AA4SWLBK%22%2C%22version%22%3A1657%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Edwards%20Group%2C%20Surface%20and%20Subsurface%2C%20Central%20Texas%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rose%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20the%20subsurface%20of%20south-central%20Texas%20the%20Lower%20Cretaceous%20Edwards%20Group%20consists%20of%20about%20400%20to%20about%20600%20feet%20of%20porous%20dolomite%20and%20limestone%20that%20accumulated%20on%20the%20Comanche%20shelf%20as%20shallow%20marine%2C%20intertidal%2C%20and%20supratidal%20deposits%20in%20the%20lee%20of%20the%20Stuart%20City%20Reef.%20The%20Edwards%20is%20conformable%20with%20the%20Glen%20Rose%20Formation%20below%20and%20disconformable%20with%20the%20Georgetown%20Formation%20above.%5CnAt%20the%20surface%20in%20the%20eastern%20Edwards%20Plateau%20of%20Central%20Texas%20the%20Edwards%20Group%20consists%20of%20about%20400%20to%20about%20650%20feet%20of%20dolomite%20and%20limestone%20similar%20to%20that%20of%20the%20subsurface%20Kainer%20and%20Person%20Formations%3B%20it%20thickens%20southward%20from%20the%20Central%20Texas%20Platform%20and%20grades%20into%20rudist%20limestone%20of%20the%20Devils%20River%20Formation.%20The%20Edwards%20is%20divided%20into%20the%20Fort%20Terrett%20Formation%20%28new%29%20below%20and%20the%20Segovia%20Formation%20%28new%29%20above%2C%20separated%20by%20a%20widely%20traceable%20marine%20interval%2C%20the%20Burt%20Ranch%20Member%20%28new%29%2C%20at%20the%20base%20of%20the%20Segovia.%5CnFredericksburg%20and%20Washita%20rocks%20in%20Texas%20represent%20nine%20major%20depositional%20environments%2C%20which%20were%20controlled%20by%20circulation%20patterns%20of%20marine%20waters%2C%20water%20depth%2C%20and%20terrigenous%20material%20in%20sea%20waters.%20Each%20environment%20can%20be%20recognized%20in%20the%20rock%20record%20by%20a%20combination%20of%20mineralogy%2C%20faunal%20content%2C%20sedimentary%20structures%2C%20and%20tectonic%20setting.%20The%20nine%20environments%20are%3A%20open%20deep%20marine%3B%20open%20shelf%3B%20open%20shallow%20marine%2C%20moderate%20to%20high-wave%20energy%3B%20open%20shallow%20marine%2C%20low-wave%20energy%3B%20restricted%20shallow%20marine%3B%20tidal%20flat%3B%20euxinic%20evaporitic%20shelf%20basin%3B%20evaporite-dominated%20supratidal%20flat%3B%20coastal%20terrigenous.%5CnFrom%20northeast%20to%20southwest%2C%20Edwards%20and%20equivalent%20units%20form%20two%20complete%20carbonate%20facies%20complexes.%20The%20lower%20%28Fredericksburg%29%20complex%20reflects%20extremely%20shallow%20water%2C%20high%20salinities%2C%20and%20low%20subsidence%20rates.%20The%20upper%20%28Lower%20Washita%29%20complex%20is%20a%20facies%20assemblage%20more%20like%20the%20standard%20carbonate%20model%2C%20with%20low-angle%20clinoforms%20along%20the%20subsiding%20basin%20margins%20and%20increasing%20dolomite%20toward%20the%20interior%20of%20the%20Central%20Texas%20Platform.%5CnThrough%20Fredericksburg%20and%20Washita%20time%2C%20facies%20tracts%20retreated%20onto%20higher%20parts%20of%20the%20Central%20Texas%20Platform%20as%20it%20was%20progressively%20inundated%20during%20deposition%20of%20three%20units%20of%20successively%20deeper-water%20sediments.%22%2C%22publicationTitle%22%3A%22Houston%20Geological%20Society%20Bulletin%22%2C%22volume%22%3A%22Volume%2017%22%2C%22issue%22%3A%22No.%201%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%22Pages%203-3.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22September%201974%22%2C%22series%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesText%22%3A%22%22%2C%22journalAbbreviation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farchives.datapages.com%5C%2Fdata%5C%2FHGS%5C%2Fvol17%5C%2Fno01%5C%2F03.htm%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22Google%20Scholar%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22Copyright%20%5Cu00a9%202005%20by%20Houston%20Geological%20Society.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Burt%20Ranch%20Member%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Comanche%20Shelf%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Devils%20River%20Formation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards%20Formation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards%20Plateau%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Fort%20Terrett%20Formation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Segovia%20Formation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22dolomite%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22limestone%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22QXJMXL45%22%2C%22VW3M8W7U%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%22dc%3Arelation%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FIMALJ5GU%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FHH3SIJAQ%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FDF6TAEW7%22%5D%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-20T08%3A16%3A36Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-05T22%3A08%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BYCBDC4N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hendrickson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-07-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHendrickson%2C%20D.%20A.%2C%20Hern%5Cu00e1ndez-Espri%5Cu00fa%2C%20A.%2C%20Dugan%2C%20L.%2C%20Sprouse%2C%20P.%2C%20D%5Cu00e1vila%20Paul%5Cu00edn%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Krejca%2C%20J.%2C%20%5Cu2026%20Fenolio%2C%20D.%20B.%20%282017%29.%20%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Frepositories.lib.utexas.edu%5C%2Fhandle%5C%2F2152%5C%2F61886%27%3EDiscovery%20of%20Endangered%20Mexican%20Blindcat%2C%20Prietella%20phreatophila%2C%20in%20Texas%3A%20Implications%20for%20International%20Groundwater%20Management%20and%20Evolution%20of%20the%20Regional%20Karst%20Aquifer%20Biota%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.15781%5C%2FT2K931N9V%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22BYCBDC4N%22%2C%22version%22%3A958%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22conferencePaper%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Discovery%20of%20Endangered%20Mexican%20Blindcat%2C%20Prietella%20phreatophila%2C%20in%20Texas%3A%20Implications%20for%20International%20Groundwater%20Management%20and%20Evolution%20of%20the%20Regional%20Karst%20Aquifer%20Biota%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dean%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hendrickson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Antonio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hern%5Cu00e1ndez-Espri%5Cu00fa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laura%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dugan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sprouse%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jos%5Cu00e9%20Antonio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22D%5Cu00e1vila%20Paul%5Cu00edn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jean%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krejca%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gluesenkamp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reddell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ryan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Howard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jack%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gary%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garrett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Adam%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cohen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Francisco%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garc%5Cu00eda%20De%20Le%5Cu00f3n%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brad%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wolaver%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dante%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fenolio%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Mexican%20blindcat%2C%20Prietella%20phreatophila%2C%20described%20in%201954%20from%20a%20cave%20system%20near%20the%20town%20of%20M%5Cu00fazquiz%20in%20central%20Coahuila%20state%2C%20and%20considered%20a%20Mexican%20endemic%2C%20was%20listed%20by%20the%20U.S.%20Fish%20and%20Wildlife%20Service%20as%20a%20foreign%20endangered%20species%20%28protected%20%5C%22wherever%20found%5C%22%29%20in%201970.%20Explorations%20in%20the%201990s%20discovered%20many%20new%20localities%20extending%20nearly%20to%20the%20international%20border%2C%20and%20in%202016%20the%20species%20was%20discovered%20in%20Amistad%20National%20Recreation%20Area%20%28ANRA%29%20in%20Texas%2C%20just%20north%20of%20the%20international%20border%20near%20Del%20Rio.%20Not%20only%20does%20the%20discovery%20support%20the%20aquifer%20of%20this%20fish%20being%20an%20internationally%20shared%20resource%2C%20but%20the%20stygobitic%20invertebrate%20biota%20found%20with%20the%20fish%20indicates%20a%20potentially%20large%20extent%20of%20the%20aquifer%2C%20and%20thus%20possibly%20the%20fish%2C%20in%20Texas.%20Invertebrate%20faunal%20connections%20%28historic%20or%20current%29%20extend%20from%20the%20Amistad%20Lake%20area%20of%20the%20new%20occurrence%20west%20into%20the%20Trans-Pecos%20region%20and%20east%20into%20the%20Edwards%20Aquifer%20of%20central%20Texas.%20We%20explore%20implications%20of%20this%20for%20both%20water%20management%20and%20evolutionary%20history%20of%20this%20and%20other%20blind%20ictalurids%2C%20and%20suggest%20that%20population%20genetic%20studies%20of%20both%20stygobitic%20fishes%20and%20invertebrates%20could%20help%20hydrogeologists%20better%20define%20often%20difficult%20to%20map%20aquifer%20extents%20and%20interconnections.%20While%20NPS%20is%20continuing%20to%20support%20the%20cave%20explorations%20of%20ANRA%20that%20produced%20the%20Texas%20discovery%2C%20we%20propose%20a%20broader%20bi-national%20sampling%20effort%20for%20both%20the%20fish%20and%20invertebrates%20extending%20well%20beyond%20the%20current%20known%20distribution%20of%20P.%20phreatophila.%20We%20also%20pointed%20out%20questions%20about%20phylogenetic%20relatedness%20of%20P.%20phreatophila%20and%20P.%20lundbergi%20further%20south%2C%20as%20well%20as%20the%20possibility%20of%20a%20monophyletic%20clade%20of%20blindcats%2C%20including%20those%20of%20the%20Edwards%20Aquifer%2C%20Satan%20and%20Trogloglanis.%20If%20substantiated%2C%20that%20evolutionary%20history%20would%20imply%20broader%20historic%20inter-aquifer%20connections%20ranging%20from%20the%20San%20Antonio%20area%20as%20far%20south%20as%20southernmost%20Tamaulipas.%20Finally%2C%20we%20report%20establishment%20of%20a%20small%20captive%20population%20of%20Prietella%20phreatophila%20at%20San%20Antonio%20Zoo%20for%20research%20and%20possibly%20eventual%20conservation%20applications.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017-07-15%22%2C%22proceedingsTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22conferenceName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22place%22%3A%22%22%2C%22publisher%22%3A%22%22%2C%22volume%22%3A%22%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%22%22%2C%22series%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.15781%5C%2FT2K931N9V%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22Discovery%20of%20Endangered%20Mexican%20Blindcat%2C%20Prietella%20phreatophila%2C%20in%20Texas%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Frepositories.lib.utexas.edu%5C%2Fhandle%5C%2F2152%5C%2F61886%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%222018-08-24T20%3A36%3A40Z%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs%203.0%20United%20States%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22repositories.lib.utexas.edu%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs%203.0%20United%20States%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Amistad%20National%20Recreation%20Area%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards%20Aquifer%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Mexican%20blindcat%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Prietella%20lundbergi%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Prietella%20phreatophila%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Satan%20eurystomus%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Trogloglanis%20pattersoni%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22aquifer%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22captive%20population%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22endangered%20species%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22endemic%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22stygobitic%20fishes%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22stygobitic%20invertebrate%20biota%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PN6FFX4E%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22AYSGILB5%22%2C%2237GFADCG%22%2C%22C8CA3RUZ%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%22dc%3Arelation%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FLRUQPV5Y%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FXHCDKN5Z%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FFNGUQEL4%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FYDVI8C7M%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FJI6XLNPA%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FBT5DA9MS%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FBER5X78V%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FEZ98C5PJ%22%5D%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-28T15%3A03%3A04Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-05T19%3A00%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222YDH2WMJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ruhlman%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERuhlman%2C%20J.%2C%20Gass%2C%20L.%2C%20%26%20Middleton%2C%20B.%20%282012%29.%20%3Ci%3E%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.er.usgs.gov%5C%2Fpublication%5C%2Fpp1794A27%27%3EChihuahuan%20Deserts%20Ecoregion%3A%20Chapter%2027%20in%20Status%20and%20Trends%20of%20Land%20Change%20in%20the%20Western%20United%20States--1973%20to%202000%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28USGS%20Numbered%20Series%20No.%201794-%20A-27%29%20%28p.%20275284%29.%20Reston%2C%20VA%3A%20U.S.%20Geological%20Survey.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%222YDH2WMJ%22%2C%22version%22%3A1669%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Chihuahuan%20Deserts%20Ecoregion%3A%20Chapter%2027%20in%20Status%20and%20Trends%20of%20Land%20Change%20in%20the%20Western%20United%20States--1973%20to%202000%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ruhlman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Leila%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gass%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Barry%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Middleton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Chihuahuan%20Desert%20is%20the%20largest%20of%20the%20North%20American%20deserts%2C%20extending%20from%20southern%20New%20Mexico%20and%20Texas%20deep%20into%20Mexico%2C%20with%20approximately%2090%20percent%20of%20its%20area%20falling%20south%20of%20the%20United%20States%5Cu2013Mexico%20border%20%28Lowe%2C%201964%2C%20p.%2024%29.%20The%20Chihuahuan%20Deserts%20Ecoregion%20covers%20approximately%20174%2C472%20km2%20%2867%2C364%20mi2%29%20within%20the%20United%20States%2C%20including%20much%20of%20west%20Texas%2C%20southern%20New%20Mexico%2C%20and%20a%20small%20portion%20of%20southeastern%20Arizona%20%28Omernik%2C%201987%3B%20U.S.%20Environmental%20Protection%20Agency%2C%201997%29.%20The%20ecoregion%20is%20generally%20oriented%20from%20northwest%20to%20southeast%2C%20with%20the%20Madrean%20Archipelago%20Ecoregion%20to%20the%20west%3B%20the%20Arizona%5C%2FNew%20Mexico%20Mountains%2C%20Arizona%5C%2FNew%20Mexico%20Plateau%2C%20Southwestern%20Tablelands%2C%20and%20Western%20High%20Plains%20Ecoregions%20to%20the%20north%3B%20and%20the%20Edwards%20Plateau%20and%20Southern%20Texas%20Plains%20Ecoregions%20to%20the%20east%20%28fig.%201%29.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%221794-A-27%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22USGS%20Numbered%20Series%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22Professional%20Paper%22%2C%22place%22%3A%22Reston%2C%20VA%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22U.S.%20Geological%20Survey%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%22275284%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22Chihuahuan%20Deserts%20Ecoregion%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.er.usgs.gov%5C%2Fpublication%5C%2Fpp1794A27%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%222018-08-27T16%3A29%3A49Z%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22pubs.er.usgs.gov%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Arizona%5C%2FNew%20Mexico%20Mountains%20Ecoregion%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Arizona%5C%2FNew%20Mexico%20Plateau%20Ecoregion%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Chihuahuan%20Desert%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards%20Plateau%20Ecoregion%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Madrean%20Archipelago%20Ecoregion%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Southern%20Texas%20Plains%20Ecoregion%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Southwestern%20Tablelands%20Ecoregion%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22United%20States%5Cu2013Mexico%20border%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Western%20High%20Plains%20Ecoregion%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227CUYGG6S%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22M5Y5MPZ6%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%22dc%3Arelation%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FHW3CG53M%22%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-28T15%3A03%3A04Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-03T20%3A06%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FD84VJNJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Maclay%20and%20Small%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221995%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMaclay%2C%20R.%20W.%2C%20%26%20Small%2C%20T.%20A.%20%281995%29.%20%3Ci%3E%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%5C%2Fwri%5C%2F1995%5C%2F4186%5C%2Freport.pdf%27%3ECarbonate%20Geology%20and%20Hydrology%20of%20the%20Edwards%20aquifer%20in%20the%20San%20Antonio%20area%2C%20Texas%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28No.%20Water-Resources%20Investigations%20Report%2095-4186%29.%20US%20Geological%20Survey.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22FD84VJNJ%22%2C%22version%22%3A834%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Carbonate%20Geology%20and%20Hydrology%20of%20the%20Edwards%20aquifer%20in%20the%20San%20Antonio%20area%2C%20Texas%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maclay%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ted%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Small%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5CnThe%20Edwards%20aquifer%2C%20which%20is%20the%20sole%20source%20of%20water%20for%20the%20city%20of%20San%20Antonio%2C%20is%20one%20of%20the%20most%20permeable%20and%20productive%20carbon-%20ate%20aquifers%20in%20the%20United%20States.%20The%20aquifer%20is%20composed%20of%20extensively%20faulted%2C%20fractured%2C%20and%20cavernous%20limestone%20and%20dolomite%20of%20Early%20Cretaceous%20age%20lying%20within%20the%20Balcones%20fault%20zone%20a%20seriesofnormalenechelonstrikefaults%20that%20separate%20the%20Edwards%20Plateau%20from%20the%20Gulf%20Coastal%20Plain%20in%20south%20Texas.%20Along%20segments%20of%20some%20faults%2C%20the%20entire%20thickness%20of%20the%20aquifer%20is%20displaced%20vertically%2C%20and%20these%20faults%20then%20act%20as%20barriers%20to%20downdip%20ground-water%20flow.%5CnThe%20large%20porosity%20and%20exceptional%20perme-%20ability%20of%20the%20unconfined%20part%20of%20the%20Edwards%20aqui-%20fer%20result%20from%20the%20dissolution%20of%20limestone%20by%20circulating%20ground%20water%20and%20development%20of%20a%20cavernous%20network%20along%20fractures.%20The%20large%20porosity%20and%20permeability%20of%20the%20freshwater%20part%20of%20the%20confined%20Edwards%20aquifer%20result%20primarily%20from%20dedolomitization.%20The%20small%20permeability%20of%20the%20saline-water%20part%20of%20the%20confined%20aquifer%20is%20caused%20by%20the%20limited%20interconnection%20between%20the%20pores%20in%20the%20rock%20matrix%20and%20by%20the%20lack%20of%20substan-%20tial%20dissolution%20along%20fractures.%5CnThe%20large%20transmissivity%20of%20the%20Edwards%20aquifer%20is%20indicated%20by%20the%20hundreds%20of%20high-%20yielding%20wells%2C%20small%20hydraulic%20gradients%2C%20and%20large%20spring%20discharges.%20The%20determined%20transmis-%20sivity%20throughout%20most%20of%20the%20confined%20freshwater%20aquifer%20ranges%20from%20430%2C000%20to%202%2C200%2C000%20feet%20squared%20per%20day%3B%20the%20determined%20transmissivity%5Cnof%20the%20unconfined%20aquifer%20generally%20is%20less%20than%20430%2C000%20feet%20squared%20per%20day.%20Faulting%20causes%5Cnthe%20aquifer%20to%20be%20highly%20anisotropic%2C%20and%20simula-%20tion%20indicates%20anisotropy%20ratios%20ranging%20from%200.0%3A1%20to%201%3A1.%5CnThe%20ground-water-flow%20system%20of%20the%20Edwards%20aquifer%20includes%20several%20components.%20These%20include%20a%20catchment%20area%20on%20the%20Edwards%20Plateau%20where%20the%20unconfined%20aquifer%20receives%20direct%20recharge%2C%20an%20area%20of%20confining%20beds%20crossed%20by%20streams%20draining%20the%20Edwards%20Plateau%2C%20a%20major%20recharge%20area%20within%20the%20Balcones%20fault%20zone%20where%20streams%20lose%20flow%20directly%20into%20the%20uncon-%20fined%20Edwards%20aquifer%2C%20and%20the%20confined%20Edwards%20aquifer%20that%20consists%20of%20the%20freshwater%20and%20saline-%20water%20zones.%5CnWater%20entering%20the%20Edwards%20aquifer%20in%20the%20Balcones%20fault%20zone%20moves%20downdip%20in%20a%20generally%20southeasterly%20direction%20into%20the%20confined%20parts%20of%20the%20aquifer.%20In%20the%20confined%20aquifer%2C%20flow%20is%20toward%20the%20east%20and%20northeast%20under%20low%20hydraulic%20gradi-%20ents%20through%20fractured%2C%20highly%20transmissive%20lime-%20stone%20and%20ultimately%20discharges%20at%20large%20springs%20and%20wells.%20All%20of%20the%20base%20flow%20and%20some%20of%20the%20storm%20runoff%20of%20streams%20crossing%20the%20recharge%20area%20infiltrates%20to%20the%20unconfined%20aquifer.%20On%20the%20basis%20of%20streamflow%20losses%2C%20the%20average%20annual%20recharge%20for%201934-88%20was%20635%2C500%20acre-feet.%5CnFreshwater%20discharges%20from%20the%20Edwards%20aquifer%20primarily%20from%20wells%2C%20springs%2C%20and%20seeps.%20Beginning%20in%201968%2C%20annual%20discharge%20from%20the%20aquifer%20has%20consistently%20exceeded%20average%20annual%20recharge%20largely%20because%20of%20a%20doubling%20of%20well%20pumpage.%20However%2C%20total%20springflow%20also%20increased%20because%20of%20greater-than-average%20recharge%20during%20most%20years%20since%20the%20late%201960%27s.%5CnThe%20total%20volume%20of%20circulating%20freshwater%20in%20the%20Edwards%20aquifer%20is%20about%2045%20million%20acre-%20feet.%20Long-term%20hydrographs%20at%20San%20Antonio%20indi-%20cate%20no%20net%20decline%20in%20ground-water%20levels%20during%5Cn1911-87%3B%20thus%2C%20there%20was%20no%20net%20loss%20of%20water%20from%20storage%20in%20the%20freshwater%20zone%20of%20the%20Edwards%20aquifer%20during%20that%20long-term%20period%2C%20assuming%20the%20%20San%20Antonio%20hydrograph%20represents%20the%20entire%20aquifer.%20However%2C%20short-term%20changes%20in%20water%20levels%20result%20largely%20from%20the%20variability%20of%20precip-%20itation%20as%20indicated%20by%20severe%20declines%20during%20the%20drought%20of%20the%20late%201940%27s%20to%20middle%201950%27s%20and%20by%20rises%20to%20record%20highs%20during%20the%20abnormally%20wet%20years%20in%20the%201970%27s%20and%201980%27s.%5CnThe%20principal%20components%20of%20the%20ground-%20water%20budget%20%28recharge%2C%20springflow%2C%20and%20pumpage%29%20have%20varied%20greatly%20over%2055%20years%20%281934-88%29%20of%20pertinent%20hydrologic%20records.%20Annual%20recharge%20var-%20ied%20from%20about%2044%2C000%20to%202%2C000%2C000%20acre-feet.%20Annual%20springflow%20varied%20from%20about%2070%2C000%20acre-%20feet%20to%20about%20580%2C000%20acre-feet.%20Pumpage%20increased%20from%20about%20100%2C000%20acre-feet%20annually%20in%20the%20early%201930%27s%20to%20more%20than%20500%2C000%20acre-feet%20annually%20during%20some%20years%20in%20the%201980%27s.%20How-%20ever%2C%20the%20average%20annual%20recharge%20of%20635%2C500%20acre-%20feet%20is%20about%20equal%20to%20the%20sum%20of%20the%20average%20annual%20springflow%20%28359%2C500%20acre-feet%29%20and%20average%20annual%20pumpage%20%28273%2C000%20acre-feet%29%2C%20indicating%20no%20long-%20term%20decrease%20in%20ground-water%20storage%20because%20of%20springflow%20and%20pumpage.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22Water-Resources%20Investigations%20Report%2095-4186%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22place%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22US%20Geological%20Survey%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221995%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%5C%2Fwri%5C%2F1995%5C%2F4186%5C%2Freport.pdf%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22Google%20Scholar%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Discharge%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Edwards%20Aquifer%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Recharge%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Springflow%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22ground%20water%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22water%20budget%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22MWFNF4GX%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22VW3M8W7U%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-08-20T08%3A16%3A36Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-03T19%3A15%3A17Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22667BQCRI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lowry%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221959%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELowry%2C%20R.%20L.%20%281959%29.%20%3Ci%3EA%20Study%20of%20Droughts%20in%20Texas%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28Bulletin%20No.%205914%29.%20Texas%20Board%20of%20Water%20Engineers.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22667BQCRI%22%2C%22version%22%3A774%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20Study%20of%20Droughts%20in%20Texas%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lowry%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Droughts%20are%20one%20of%20the%20natural%20climatic%20phenomena%20which%20result%20when%20rainfall%20is%20below%20normal.%20Not%20every%20period%20of%20low%20rainfall%2C%20however%2C%20can%20be%20classed%20as%20drought.%20It%20is%20only%20when%20the%20deficiencies%20in%20rainfall%20are%20great%20or%20prolonged%2C%20that%20the%20land%20is%20experiencing%20a%20drought.%20Droughts%20are%20not%20something%20new%20-%20man%20has%20had%20to%20contend%20with%20them%20throughout%20his%20existence.%20As%20Tannehill%20%28see%20ref.%201%29%20so%20aptly%20put%20it%3A%20%5C%22Drought%20belongs%20in%20that%20class%20of%20phenomena%20which%20are%20popularly%20known%20as%20%5Cu2018spells%20of%20weather%5Cu2019.%20A%20drought%20is%20a%20spell%20of%20dry%20weather.%20Drought%20is%20unique%20among%20spells%20of%20weather%3B%20it%20creeps%20upon%20us%20gradually%2C%20almost%20mysteriously%2C%20but%20its%20consequences%20are%20a%20terrible%20reality.%5C%22%20Early%20recorded%20history%20makes%20frequent%20reference%20to%20droughts%20and%20resulting%20famines.%20Tree-ring%20studies%20in%20the%20Southwest%20have%20now%20extended%20knowledge%20on%20dendroclimatology%20back%20about%204000%20years.%20During%20this%20period%20there%20is%20ample%20evidence%20of%20droughts.%20Another%20means%20of%20extending%20the%20record%20back%20to%20prehistoric%20climatic%20changes%20is%20based%20on%20the%20thickness%20of%20annual%20layers%20of%20clay%20and%20silt%20deposited%20in%20quiet%20waters%20of%20lakes%20that%20are%20subject%20to%20freezing%20in%20winter%20and%20thawing%20in%20summer.%20In%20such%20a%20study%20each%20annual%20deposit%20is%20called%20a%20varve.%20These%20varves%20also%20indicate%20periods%20in%20the%20past%20in%20which%20droughts%20have%20seriously%20affected%20the%20land.%20Drought%20is%20one%20of%20the%20most%20devastating%20aspects%20of%20nature.%20It%20is%20also%20one%20of%20the%20climatic%20characteristics%20of%20the%20Temperate%20Zone%20in%20which%20the%20United%20States%20lies.%20As%20long%20as%20the%20climate%20is%20influenced%20by%20the%20circulation%20of%20air%20around%20the%20earth%2C%20there%20will%20be%20changes%20in%20the%20precipitation%20pattern%20at%20any%20given%20spot.%20Just%20as%20certain%20as%20there%20have%20been%20droughts%20in%20this%20country%20in%20the%20past%2C%20there%20will%20be~%20droughts%20in%20the%20future.%20The%20time%20of%20the%20next%20drought%20cannot%20be%20exactly%20foretold%2C%20but%20it%20will%20obviously%20follow%20a%20period%20of%20normal%20or%20excess%20rainfall.%20Who%20knows%20that%20it%20may%20not%20occur%20next%20year%3F%20Agricultural%20losses%20resulting%20from%20the%20recent%20drought%20in%20Texas%2C%20which%20was%20seriously%20effective%20between%201950%20and%201956%2C%20have%20been%20estimated%20by%20experts%20to%20have%20exceeded%203%20billion%20dollars.%20It%20is%20probable%20that%20in%20Texas%20losses%20in%20farming%20and%20ranching%20alone%20have%20exceeded%20the%20aggregate%20loss%20due%20to%20all%20other%20climatic%20phenomena%20including%20floods%2C%20hurricanes%20and%20tornadoes%2C%20throughout%20the%20years.%20whereas%2C%20manifestations%20of%20most%20weather%20phenomena%20particularly%20the%20more%20destructive%20type%20are%20rather%20sudden%2C%20and%20the%20results%20are%20rather%20obvious%2C%20droughts%20materialize%20so%20slowly%20and%20their%20effects%20are%20so%20long%20delayed%2C%20that%20the%20damage%20is%20usually-%20done%20by%20the%20time%20it%20is%20realized%20that%20a%20drought%20is%20being%20experienced.%20Of%20further%20importance%20is%20the%20fact%20that%20the%20effects%20of%20drought%20are%20usually%20widespread%2C%20frequently%20involving%20entire%20states%2C%20and%20sometimes%20all%20of%20the%20United%20States.%20By%20comparison%2C%20areas%20affected%20by%20the%20other%20weather%20phenomena%20are%20usually%20quite%20local.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%225914%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22Bulletin%22%2C%22seriesTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22place%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Texas%20Board%20of%20Water%20Engineers%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221959%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22agricultural%20losses%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22clay%20and%20silt%20deposit%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22dendroclimatology%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22drought%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22famine%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22farming%20and%20ranching%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22precipitation%20pattern%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22prehistoric%20climatic%20change%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22rainfall%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22tree-ring%20studies%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22varve%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227CUYGG6S%22%2C%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22FN5WFMJB%22%2C%22K8IL5TMW%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-09-06T13%3A22%3A09Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222019-07-03T15%3A50%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22C9ZUV657%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22type%22%3A%22group%22%2C%22id%22%3A2204585%2C%22name%22%3A%22Devil%27s%20River%20Texas%20Digital%20Data%20Repository%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2Fdevils_river_texas_digital_data_repository%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5795925%2C%22username%22%3A%22jadeanderson%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fjadeanderson%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Deal%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221975%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%202em%3B%20text-indent%3A-2em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDeal%2C%20D.%20E.%20%281975%29.%20%3Ca%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flegacy.lib.utexas.edu%5C%2Fbooks%5C%2Flandscapes%5C%2Fdetail_viewer.php%3Fwork_id%3D298139%26state%3Dpagescan%26page_tab%3Dcontents%26page_num%3D1%27%3EGeologic%20Environment%20of%20the%20Devils%20River%20-Dolan%20Creek%20Area%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20In%20%3Ci%3EDevils%20River%20%5Cu2013%20A%20Natural%20Area%20Survey.%20Part%20VI%20of%20VIII%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28pp.%2014%5Cu201328%29.%20The%20University%20of%20Texas%20at%20Austin19%2B75.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22key%22%3A%22C9ZUV657%22%2C%22version%22%3A1120%2C%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Geologic%20Environment%20of%20the%20Devils%20River%20-Dolan%20Creek%20Area%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dwight%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Deal%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20report%20is%20prepared%20for%20the%20Natural%20Area%20Survey%2C%20Division%20of%20Natural%20Resources%20and%20Environment%2C%20The%20University%20of%20Texas%20at%20Austin.%20It%20is%20intended%20to%20be%20used%20by%20both%20geologists%20and%20nongeologists%20and%20at%20the%20same%20time%20to%20provide%20a%20resource%20document%20on%20the%20geology%20of%20the%20area.%20The%20general%20geologic%20setting%20of%20the%20Devils%20River-Dolan%20Creek%20area%20is%20fairly%20simple.%20What%20is%20complicated%2C%20however%2C%20are%20the%20different%20conflicting-%20and%20confusing-sets%20of%20terminology%20used%20by%20various%20authors%20to%20describe%20the%20same%20set%20of%20rocks.%20Limited%20field%20work%20was%20done%20in%20July%2C%201974%20with%20the%20Natural%20Area%20Survey%20field%20team.%20I%20spent%20only%20a%20few%20days%20in%20the%20field%20and%20did%20little%20original%20work.%20Almost%20all%20of%20the%20study%20area%20has%20been%20mapped%20previously%20%28Spice%2C%201954%3B%20Freeman%2C%201965%3B%20and%20Reeves%20and%20Small%2C%201973%29.%20I%20spent%20most%20of%20my%20geological%20field%20time%20checking%20previous%20work.%20For%20the%20purposes%20of%20this%20report%2C%20I%20have%20attempted%20to%20reduce%20technical%20jargon%20to%20a%20minimum.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Devils%20River%20%5Cu2013%20A%20Natural%20Area%20Survey.%20Part%20VI%20of%20VIII%22%2C%22series%22%3A%22%22%2C%22seriesNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22volume%22%3A%22%22%2C%22numberOfVolumes%22%3A%22%22%2C%22edition%22%3A%22%22%2C%22place%22%3A%22%22%2C%22publisher%22%3A%22The%20University%20of%20Texas%20at%20Austin19%2B75%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221975%22%2C%22pages%22%3A%2214-28%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22shortTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flegacy.lib.utexas.edu%5C%2Fbooks%5C%2Flandscapes%5C%2Fdetail_viewer.php%3Fwork_id%3D298139%26state%3Dpagescan%26page_tab%3Dcontents%26page_num%3D1%22%2C%22accessDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archive%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveLocation%22%3A%22%22%2C%22libraryCatalog%22%3A%22%22%2C%22callNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22rights%22%3A%22%22%2C%22extra%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tags%22%3A%5B%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Cretaceous%20rocks%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Del%20Rio%20formation%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Devils%20River%20limestone%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22Quaternary%20sediments%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22climate%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22geologic%20mapping%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22groundwater%20resources%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22physiography%22%7D%2C%7B%22tag%22%3A%22rock%20units%22%7D%5D%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%224BB5UNRC%22%2C%22QXJMXL45%22%2C%22VW3M8W7U%22%5D%2C%22relations%22%3A%7B%22dc%3Arelation%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2FL9SHW9ZR%22%2C%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fzotero.org%5C%2Fgroups%5C%2F2204585%5C%2Fitems%5C%2F6PBR7FC6%22%5D%7D%2C%22dateAdded%22%3A%222018-09-06T13%3A22%3A09Z%22%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222018-09-06T13%3A22%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Ewing, T. E. (1985). Westward Extension of the Devils River Uplift–Implications for the Paleozoic Evolution of the Southern Margin of North America. Geology, 13(6), 433–436.
Bray, W. L. (1904). The Timber of the Edwards Plateau of Texas: Its Relations to Climate, Water Supply, and Soil. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Forestry.
Webster, R. E. (1980). Structural Analysis of Devils River Uplift-Southern Val Verde Basin, Southwest Texas. AAPG Bulletin, 64(2), 221–241.
Ashworth, J., & Stein, W. (2005). Springs of Kinney and Val Verde Counties (p. 38). Plateau Region Water Planning Group.
Kastning, E. H. (1983). Relict Caves as Evidence of Landscape and Aquifer Evolution in a Deeply Dissected Carbonate Terrain: Southwest Edwards Plateau, Texas, USA. Journal of Hydrology, 61(1–3), 89–112.
Kochel, R. C., & Baker, V. R. (1982). Paleoflood Hydrology. Science, 215(4531), 353–361.
Brune, G. (1975). Major and Historical Springs of Texas (No. 189). Texas Water Development Board.
Baker, V. R., Kochel, R. C., & Patton, P. C. (1979). Long-Term Flood Frequency Analysis Using Geological Data. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication, 128, 3–9.
Bowles, D., & Arsuffi, T. (1993, December). Karst Aquatic Ecosystems of the Edwards Plateau Region of Central Texas, USA: A Consideration of their Importance, Threats to their Existence, and Efforts for their Conservation. Retrieved August 24, 2018, from
Maclay, R. W., & Small, T. A. (1983). Hydrostratigraphic Subdivisions and Fault Barriers of the Edwards Aquifer, South-Central Texas, USA. Journal of Hydrology, 61(1–3), 127–146.
Boghici, R. (n.d.). Hydrogeology of Edwards–Trinity Aquifer of Texas and Coahuila in the Border Region (p. 24). Texas Water Development Board.
Veni, G. (1994). Hydrogeology and Evolution of Caves and Karst in the Southwestern Edwards Plateau, Texas. In The Caves and Karst of Texas (pp. 13–30). National Speleological Society, Huntsville, Alabama.
Barker, R. A., Bush, P. W., & Baker, E. T. (1994). Geologic History and Hydrogeologic Setting of the Edwards-Trinity Aquifer System, West-Central Texas (Water-Resources Investigations Report No. 94–4039) (p. 55).
Clark, A. K., & Small, T. A. (1997). Geologic Framework of the Edwards Aquifer and Upper Confining Unit, and Hydrogeologic Characteristics of the Edwards Aquifer, South-Central Uvalde County, Texas (Water-Resources Investigations Report). US Geological Survey.
Clark, A. K. (2003). Geologic Framework and Hydrogeologic Characteristics of the Edwards Aquifer, Uvalde County, Texas (Water-Resources Investigations Report No. 03–4010). US Geological Survey.
Breeding, S. D. (1954). Floods in Devils and Pecos River Basins of Texas, June 27-28, 1954 - Miscellaneous Data (USGS Numbered Series No. 54–27). U.S. Geological Survey.
Green, R. T., Bertetti, F. P., & Miller, M. S. (2014). Focused Groundwater Flow in a Carbonate Aquifer in a Semi-Arid Environment. Journal of Hydrology, 517, 284–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.015
Cohen, A. E., Labay, B. J., Hendrickson, D. A., Casarez, M., & Sarkar, S. (2013). Final Report: Data Provision and Projected Impact of Climate Change on Fish Biodiversity within the Desert LCC. Texas Natural Science Center.
Clark, M. L., Eddy-Miller, C. A., & Mast, M. A. (2000). Environmental Characteristics and Water Quality of Hydrologic Benchmark Network Stations in the West-Central United States, 1963-95 (USGS Numbered Series No. 1173– C). U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,.
Rose, P. R. (1974). Edwards Group, Surface and Subsurface, Central Texas. Houston Geological Society Bulletin, Volume 17(No. 1), Pages 3-3.
Hendrickson, D. A., Hernández-Espriú, A., Dugan, L., Sprouse, P., Dávila Paulín, J. A., Krejca, J., … Fenolio, D. B. (2017). Discovery of Endangered Mexican Blindcat, Prietella phreatophila, in Texas: Implications for International Groundwater Management and Evolution of the Regional Karst Aquifer Biota. https://doi.org/10.15781/T2K931N9V
Ruhlman, J., Gass, L., & Middleton, B. (2012). Chihuahuan Deserts Ecoregion: Chapter 27 in Status and Trends of Land Change in the Western United States--1973 to 2000 (USGS Numbered Series No. 1794- A-27) (p. 275284). Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey.
Maclay, R. W., & Small, T. A. (1995). Carbonate Geology and Hydrology of the Edwards aquifer in the San Antonio area, Texas (No. Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4186). US Geological Survey.
Lowry, R. L. (1959). A Study of Droughts in Texas (Bulletin No. 5914). Texas Board of Water Engineers.
Deal, D. E. (1975). Geologic Environment of the Devils River -Dolan Creek Area. In Devils River – A Natural Area Survey. Part VI of VIII (pp. 14–28). The University of Texas at Austin19+75.